Fig. 3

Assessment of in vitro osteogenic differentiation of pMSCs. a Quantification of early osteogenic differentiation potential of pMSCs cultured in osteogenic induction media for 7 days, assessed by pNPP-based alkaline phosphatase activity assay. b Quantification of alizarin red stain-based assessment of late osteogenic differentiation of cells cultured in osteogenic induction media for 14–28 days. c Representative phase contrast images (50 × magnification) of cells stained with alizarin Red. d–e Fold change in gene expression of osteogenic transcription factors, Osteocalcin (BGLAP) (d) and Collagen-1a1 (e) in cells cultured in osteogenic media (OM) normalized to their expression under growth media (GM) for 7 days. β-Actin was used for normalization of gene expression. Data presented as mean ± SEM (n = 3; *p < 0.05)