Enhancement modalities | Additives | Purpose | Membrane status | Study type | Outcome | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cross-linking | Glutaraldehyde γ-ray and electron beam irradiation | Testing degradation rate | Decellularized Amnio-M | In vitro & in vivo | GA-cross-linked Amnio-Ms were degraded more slowly with a slight tissue response. γ-ray and electron beam irradiation decreased the tensile strength | [157] |
Glutaraldehyde | Corneal regeneration | Intact Amnio-M | In vitro and clinical cases | High mechanical properties in comparison with fresh and cryopreserved membranes. Low degradation rate and better transparency | [158] | |
Al2(SO4)3 | Corneal regeneration | Intact Amnio-M | In vitro | Al2(SO4)3 increased the tensile strength of the membrane | [160] | |
Carbodiimide | Corneal regeneration | Decellularized Amnio-M | In vitro & in vivo | 0.05 mmol EDC/mg support cell proliferation and maintained differentiation of LEC | [190] | |
Photo cross-linking UV irradiation | Corneal regeneration | Intact Amnio-M | In vitro | Biocompatible membrane, with detectable maintenance of cell stemness | [159] | |
Hybridization With natural or synthetic materials | Atelocollagen skin collagen | Skin regeneration | Bovine decellularized Amnio-M | In vivo/ pig model | Inhibit inflammatory reactions and promote wound healing | [191] |
Hyaluronic acid hydrogel | Skin regeneration | Human solubilized Amnio-M | In vitro & in vivo | In vitro, the proposed scaffold enhanced cell proliferation. In vivo, it enhanced wound healing, reepithelization, and vascularization | [171] | |
GelMA hydrogel | Oral mucosa regeneration | Decellularized Amnio-M particles | In vitro & in vivo | GelMA–dAmnio-M Particles scaffold has been proven to be effective in neovascularization and mucosa repair | [172] | |
Aloe vera gel | Skin regeneration (burn) | Non-decellularized membrane (powder) | In vitro and in vivo | Significantly enhance burn wound healing | [175] | |
Nano-fibrous Fibroin | Skin regeneration | Decellularized hAmnio-M | In vitro | Bilayer Amnio-M/nano-fibrous fibroin scaffold represents an efficient natural construct with broad applicability to generate keratinocytes from Menstrual stem cells | [174] | |
POC polymer | Cleft palate repair | Decellularized hAmnio-M | In vitro & in vivo | The biocompatible scaffold could regenerate both soft and hard tissue effectively | [192] | |
Combination with cells | Dental pulp derived cells | Periodontal tissue regeneration | Decellularized hAmnio-M | In vitro | cell sheet that contained MSC may be helpful for application in periodontal tissue regeneration | [182] |
TGF‐β3 BMSCs | Skin regeneration | dehydrated Amnio-M (hDAM) commercial | In vitro & in vivo | Wound healing with a minimal scar in a full-thickness wound in rat back | [183] | |
Corneal stromal cells (CSCs) | Cornea regeneration | ultrathin Amnio-M | In vitro and in vivo | UAM provided a suitable scaffold for CSCs to generate tissue mimic the native cornea | [193] | |
ASCs | Skin regeneration | Decellularized hAmnio-M | In vitro and in vivo | AM-ASCs accelerated the wound healing with a less inflammatory response in a third-degree burns rat model | [184] | |
Drug carrier Nanoreservoir | Cefazolin | Cornea regeneration | hAmnio-M | In vitro | High drug entrapment was achieved by incubation of Amnio-M for 3 h at 4C | [179] |
Moxifloxacin | Cornea regeneration | hAmnio-M | In vitro | Thick HAM entraps moxifloxacin efficiently higher than thin HAM. 3 h incubation was sufficient for entrapment | [180] | |
Other additives | Tissue glue | Cornea regeneration | Intact Amnio-M | Clinical trial (After dermoid removal) | Rapid corneal reepithelization and smooth healing | [194] |
Amino acids | Cornea regeneration | Carbodiimide cross-linked Amnio-M | In vitro and in vivo | Lysine amino acid could increase the cross-linking efficiency of Amnio-M | [195] | |
Calcium and Phosphate | Bone regeneration | Decellularized hAmnio-M | In vitro and in vivo | The mineralized Amnio-M enhanced ASCs osteogenic differentiation in vitro and bone regeneration in a calvarial bone defect in vivo | [181] |