Table 1 Immunomodulatory effects of MSC/MSC-EVs for the attenuation of inflammatory diseases
From: Immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells in peripheral nerve injury
Disease model | Animal for In Vivo study | MSC source | Effects on immune cells | Effects on cytokines | Signaling pathway/related exosomal cargo | Ref. No |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arthritis | In vitro | BMSCs,BMSCs-Exos | CD8 or CD4 T lymphocytes↓, B lymphocytes↑ | IFN-γ,TNF-α↓; IL-10↑ | – | [99] |
IBD | Mouse | OE-MSCs-Exos | the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells↓, Treg cells↑ | IL-17, IFN-γ↓; TGF-β, IL-10↑ | – | [100] |
hP-MSCs-EVs | – | IL-10, TGF-β↑; TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ and IL-6 ↓ | – | [101] | ||
MuSCs | M2 macrophages↑,macrophages infiltration↓ | IL-6,IL-1β↓ | – | [102] | ||
IUAs | Rat | UC-MSC-derived exosomes | M2 macrophage↑ | IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α↓; IL-10, TGF-β↑ | – | [103] |
Liver disease | Mouse | hUC-MSCs | CD4 and CD8 T cells↓ | IFN-γ↓ | – | [104] |
ALI | Mouse | UC-MSCs | M2 macrophage↑ M1 macrophage↓ | TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6↓ | – | [105] |
EAE | Mouse | BMSCs | T cells↓ | – | STAT1,STAT3,mTOR | [106] |
hUCMSC-EV | the leukocyte infiltration↓,Tregs↑ | IL-17a, TNF-α, and IFN-γ↓; IL-4, IL-10↑ | – | [107] | ||
Lung injury and fibrosis | Mouse, monkeys | hESCs | – | TNF-α, TGF-β1, IL-6, IL-1β, GRO-α, IL-1α, IL-3 and IL-8↓ | – | [108] |
Wound healing | Mouse | BMSCs | M2 polarization↑ | IL-10↑; TNF-α↓ | miR-223 | [109] |
Skin defect | Mouse | hBMSCs | M2 macrophages↑ | – | miR-150-5p | [110] |
IVD | Bovine | hBMSCs | – | IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α ↓ | – | [111] |
Renal injury | Mouse | BMSC-exos | infiltration of of macrophages↓ | TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β↓ | CCL2 | [112] |
Renal Diseases | Rat | hUCMSC-Ex | – | TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β↓ | mTOR | [113] |
cGVHD | Mouse | BMSC-exos | Th17 cells, CD4 + T cells↓, Tregs↑ | IL-17, IL-17a, IL-21, IL-22 and IL-2↓; IL-10↑ | – | [114] |
aGVHD | Mouse | BMSC-exos | CD8αDCs, CD11b cDCs↑; CD8, CD3CD4 T cells↓ | IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ↓; IL-10↑ | – | [115] |
Heart allograft rejection | Rat | IDO-BMSCs | Tregs↑, DC↓ | IL-10, TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3↑; IL-2, IFN-γ↓ | – | [116] |
CIA | Rat | hUCMSCs | T lymphocytes (proliferation↓, apoptosis ↑), Th17 cell↓, Tregs↑ | IL-17, TGF-β↓ | RORγt mRNA,Foxp3 mRNA | [117] |
Mouse | hADMSCs | Tregs↑,the proliferation of T cells↓ | TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6↓; IL-10↑ | – | [80] | |
Rat | hUCMSC-sEVs | Th17 cell↓, T lymphocyte proliferation↓, Tregs↑ | IL-17↓; IL-10, TGF-β ↑ | – | [95] | |
PNI | Rat(MRI, LPS and FK506) | GFP-BMSCs | M1,TLR4↓ | TNF-α, IL-6↓; BDNF, GDNF↑ | – | [118] |
PSNL | Rat(LPS) | BMSCs | – | IL-1β, TNF-α↓ | – | [119] |
CCI | Rat(PMF) | ADMSCs | – | IL-6, IL-1β↓; IL-10↑ | – | [120] |
Diabetic | Rat | DPSCs | CD206↑, CD68‐positive monocytes/macrophages↓ | TNF-α, IL-1β↓; IL-10↑ | – | [121] |
CCI and SNI | Mouse(TGF-β1) | BMSCS | – | Il-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α↓; TGF-β1↑ | – | [31] |
Nerve injury-induced pain | Rat | UCMSC -exos | – | TNF-α, IL-1β↓ | – | [122] |
Dysphagia | Rat | hDPSCs | M2 macrophages↑ | iNOS, IL-1β↓ | – | [123] |
TBI | Rat | MSCs | M1 macrophage↓, M2 macrophages↑ | IL-10↑; IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IFN-γ and TNF-α↓ | NF-κB | [124] |
DAH | Mouse | hUCMSC-Ex | M1 macrophage↓, M2 macrophages↑ | IL-6, TNF-α↓; IL-10, TGF-β↑ | – | [125] |
Skeletal muscle contusion | Mouse and in vitro | hBMSC-exos | M1 macrophages ↓, M2 macrophages↑ | IL-6, TNF-α↓; IL-10,TGF-β↑ | – | [126] |
SCI | Mouse | hUCMSCs | M2 macrophages↑ | IL-7, IFN-γ, and TNF-α↓; IL-4, IL-13↑ | – | [127] |
PF | Mouse | hUCMSCs | Tregs↑ | CXCL9, CXCL10↑ | – | [128] |