Table 2 Potential circulating Exo-miR biomarkers of DN
miRs (exosomal level) | Species | Type of DN | Cell source | Molecular target | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urinary exosomal miRs | |||||
miR-145 (+) | Human, mouse, cell | Type 1 DN | Mesangial cell | ND | [156] |
miR-15b (+) miR-34a (+) miR-636 (+) | Human | Type 2 DN | ND | ND | [164] |
miR-4534 | Human | Type 2 DN | podocyte | FOXO1 | [165] |
miR-320c (+) | Human | Type 2 DN | ND | TSP-1 | [167] |
miR-let-7c-5p (+) | Human | Type 2 DN | ND | TGF-β | [172] |
miR-362-3p (+) miR-877-3p (+) miR-150-5p (+) miR-15a-5p (‒) | Human | Type 2 DN | ND | AMPK, p53, mTOR | [163] |
miR-21-5p (+) miR-30b-5p (‒) | Human | Type 2 DN | ND | ND | [175] |
miR-15b-5p (+) | Human, mouse, cell | Type 2 DN | Mesangial cell | BCL-2 | [166] |
miR-188-5p (+) miR-150-3p (+) miR-133a-3p (‒) miR-153-3p (‒) | Human | Nephrotic-range proteinuria | ND | [111] | |
miR-133b (+) miR-342 (+) miR-30a (+) | Human | ND | ND | TGF-β1 | [158] |
miR-451-5p (+) | Rat | ND | ND | [186] | |
miR-483-5p (+) | Mouse | Type 1 and type 2 DN | Tubular cell | MAPK and TIMP2 | [187] |
Serum exosomal miRs | |||||
miR-4449 (+) miR- 1246 (+) miR-642a-3p (+) let-7c-5p (+) miR-1255b-5p (+) let-7i-3p (+) miR-5010-5p (+) miR-150-3p (+) | Human | ND | ND | MAPK pathway TGF-β pathway Integrin-VEGF pathway Olfactory Pathway AP-1and NF-κB network | |
Exo-miR-29 (+) | Human | Type 1 DN | ND | Serine/threonine-protein kinase WINK3 gene | (181) |