Table 1 All cell therapies performed to date on thin endometrium and Asherman syndrome

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP)

PRP

Kim et al.

Murine model of Asherman’s syndrome

Human PRP helps down-regulate the expression of fibrosis-related factors, restores uterine function of impaired uterine horns, and improves implantation outcomes following endometrial injury in mice, enabling full-term delivery and improving the rate of live-births

[29]

PRP + BMSCs

Zhou et al.

Injured Rat Uterus

PRP up-regulates IL-10 production

[31]

Activated PRP

Aghajanova et al.

In vitro

MMP1, MMP3, MMP7, and MMP26 were increased by aPRP

[32]

PRP

Marini et al.

In vitro

PRP treatment significantly down regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory genes

[33]

PRP

Zadehmodarres et al.

Thin endometrium patients

It seems that PRP was effective for endometrial growth in patient with thin endometrium

[26]

PRP

Chang et al.

women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was able to promote the endometrial growth and improve pregnancy outcome of patients with thin endometrium

[34]

PRP

Kim et al.

Thin endometrium patients

The use of autologous PRP improved the implantation, pregnancy, and live birth rates of the patients with refractory thin endometrium

[27]

Growth factor

G-CSF

Gleicher

Thin endometrium patients

This cohort study is supportive of the effectiveness of G-CSF in expanding chronically unresponsive endometria

[35]

G-CSF

Check et al.

Thin endometrium patients

Improvement in the endometrial thickness in women with consistently thin endometria

[36]

G-CSF

Kunicki et al.

Thin endometrium in women undergoing in vitro fertilization

Infusion of G-CSF leads to the improvement of endometrium thickness after 72 h

[37]

G-CSF

Shah et al.

Thin endometrium in women undergoing in vitro fertilization

infusion of G-CSF to achieve significant increase in the endometrial thickness with higher successful pregnancy rate among infertile women under-going IVF-ET cycles with a history of a persistently thin endometrium

[38]

G-CSF

Xu et al.

Patients were diagnosed with thin endometrium

Significantly higher embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy rates were observed in the G-CSF group compared with the control group

[39]

G-CSF

Tehraninejad et al.

Thin endometrium patients

G-CSF may increase endometrial thickness in the small group of patients who had no choice except cycle cancellation or surrogacy

[40]

Stem cells

MSCs

Kilic et al.

Rat

MSCs is added to estrogen, regeneration of endometrium is stimulated

[41]

BMDSCs

Feryal Alawadhi et al.

Mice

After BMDSC transplant, the rate of fertility improves in Asherman’s Syndrome mice, indicating a BMDSC functional role in uterine regeneration

[42]

Autologous SCs

Singh et al.

Human

Menstrual reconstruction in 5 out of 6 cases revealed the role of autologous stem cell transplantation in endometrial regeneration

[43]

BMSCs

Jing et al.

Rat

The results of this study using rat model showed that BMSCs can play a significant role in reconstruction of thin endometrium by locating in the endometrium, differentiating into numerous cells, and being immunomodulatory

[44]

eMSCs

Ulrich et al.

Human

eMSC provides an available alternative origin of MSC for use in cell-based therapies. It becomes evident that eMSC inhabits in the endometrium have ceased after a woman's fertile years

[45]

hUCMSCs

Tang et al.

Rat

This study has demonstrated that transplantation of hUCMSCs can efficiently reduce the fibrosis area of endometrium, also enhance glandular count and upgrade proliferation of endometrial cells in IUA rat

[46]

BMSCs

Wang et al.

Rat

BMSCs transplantation had an impressive effect on regenerating of the injured endometrium probably via promoting the expression of ER and PR in rat models

[47]

Autologous CD133 + BMDSCs

Santamaria et al.

Human

Increase in the congestion of mature vessel and the severity and period of menses in the first 3 months are the advantages of the CD133 + BMDSCs therapy. In the AS and EA, the thickness of Endometrium increased approximately from 4.3 mm to 6.7 mm

[48]

menSCs

Jichun Tan et al.

Human

The transplantation of Autologous menSCs considerably rise endometrial thickness (ET) for women with severe AS

[49]

hESP cells

Irene Cervelló et al.

Human

The mesenchymal origin of hESP confirmed by their ability to differentiate in vitro into osteocytes and adipocytes. Eventually, after transplanted under renal capsule of NOD-SCID mice they have displayed the potency to generate human endometrium

[50]

Autologous adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs)

Sudoma et al.

Human

ADSCs subendometrial introduction led to endometrial thickness increase, 13 pregnancies occurred and 9 healthy babies were born

[51]

uterus derived mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes

Saribas et al.

Rat

It was shown that proliferation and vascularization increased and fibrosis decreased in uterus as a result of MSC and exosome treatments

[52]

Autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell

Singh et al.

Human

Intrauterine stem cell treatment is a promising novel approach for refractory cases of AS and EA

[53]

Autologous adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs)

Yotsumoto et al.

Mice

ADSCs may be a useful therapeutic strategy to improve fertility of women with thin endometrium

[54]

Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAEC)

Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAEC)

Song et al.

Rat

This study revealed that hESCs along with collagen scaffolds could notably support function recovery and uterine repair in a rat model of intense uterine injury

[55]

Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAEC)

Ouyang et al.

Rat

These results indicate that hAECs transplantation promote endometrial regeneration and the restoration of fertility in rat model of IUA

[56]

Human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell

Gan et al.

Rat

hAMSC transplantation promotes endometrial regeneration after injury in IUA rat models, possibly due to immunomodulatory properties

[57]

Human amniotic epithelial cells

Li et al.

Mice

hAECs have the potential to repair the uterus after injury, providing a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of Asherman syndrome

[58]

Human amniotic epithelial cells

Bai et al.

Rat

hAEC transplantation could inhibit the progression of fibrosis and promote proliferation and angiogenesis in IUA rat models

[59]

Nanostructured scaffold

Collagen scaffold with collagen-binding human basic fibroblast growth factor

Conforti et al.

Rat

Transplantation of collagen scaffold with collagen-binding human basic fibroblast growth factor promote Regeneration of uterine horns

[60]

Collagen scaffold with umbilical cord MSCs

Xin et al.

Human

Transplantation of collagen scaffold with umbilical cord MSCs improves endometrial thickness

[61]

Collagen scaffold with BM-MNCs

Ballios et al.

Human

Transplantation of collagen scaffold with BM-MNCs promote functional endometrium reconstruction via downregulating ΔNp63 expression

[62]

Collagen scaffold with BM-MSCs

Dolmans et al.

Rat

Transplantation of collagen scaffold with BM-MSCs improve the level of bFGF, IGF-1, TGFβ1 and VEGF in blood vessels

[63]

Collagen scaffold with BM-MSCs

Eliopoulos et al.

Rat

Transplantation of collagen scaffold with BM-MSCs promote uterus regeneration

[64]