Fig. 2

Orthotopic PDL regeneration for swine roots. Swine roots with allogeneic PDLSC/GMSC sheets were inserted into the mandibular jawbone using implant drills for osteotomy. A PDLSC-sheet/root implantation. (Aa-d) Cell sheet wrapped on the root was inserted into the created socket in the mandibular edentulous area and the wound sutured; (Ae) radiograph right after root insertion; (Af) radiograph ~ 8 weeks later at sacrifice; (Ag,h) H&E histology of the inserted root showing resorption and inflammation around the root. B GMSC sheets/root implantation. (Ba-c) Implant drill osteotomy and insertion of the root wrapped with GMSC sheets; (Bd) radiograph at sacrifice ~ 6 weeks later; (Be-g) H&E histology showing resorption and inflammation. Blue arrow in (Bf) showing possible newly deposited cementum; red arrow in (Bf) showing remaining PGA membrane fibers; black arrow in (Bg) showing osteoclasts resorbing root surface. C PDLSC-sheet/root implantation. (Ca,b) A root wrapped with PDLSC sheets was inserted into the mandibular anterior teeth region; (Cc) radiograph at sacrifice 3 months later showing root resorption; (Cd) H&E histology showing root dentin severe resorption. Cells were treated with vitamin C for one week as reported previously [47]. GMSC: gingival mesenchymal stem cells.