Table 1 Sources of stem cells for disk regeneration
From: Application of stem cells in the repair of intervertebral disc degeneration
Cell types | Source | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|
MSCs | Â | Â | Â |
BMSCs | Bone marrow | Strong self-renewal ability, multiple differentiation potential, with homing ability, and technology for solation and expansion is mature | The way obtaining BMSCs is invasive |
ADMSCs | Adipose | Abundance, ease to harvest, low immunogenicity | Poor ability to differentiate into chondrocytes |
UCMSCs (WJMSCs) | Umbilical cord | Pluripotent, with no ethical barriers, strong proliferation ability, extensive differentiation ability, low immunogenicity and no tumorigenicity | Almost impossible to obtain autologous cord cells, and the experimental cost of WJMSCs is high |
IVDSCs | IVD | Can be stimulated to proliferate and differentiate in situ | Low yield in number, decreased viability, and expression of proteoglycan and COL II in IDD, and the curative effect is not obvious |
PSCs | Â | Â | Â |
IPSCs | Artificially derived from somatic cells by reprogramming with transcription factors | High capacities of self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation | Safety problems, especially potential tumorigenicity |
ESCs | Early-stage embryo | High capacities of self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation | Ethical barriers |