Fig. 1

Characteristics of DFSCs-sEVs. A Flowchart of cells and DFSCs-sEVs. B DFSCs at passage 3 exhibited the typical long spindle shape. C Osteogenesis ability of DFSCs was detected by Alizarin red staining. D Adipogenesis ability of DFSCs was detected by Oil red O staining. E Colony formation of DFSCs. F Nestin expression in passage 3 DFSCs. G Vimentin expression in passage 3 DFSCs. H Flow cytometric analysis of surface markers in DFSCs, CD29-PE (99.69%), CD44-PE (99.64%), CD90-PE (99.17%), CD105-PE (99.31%), CD34-FITC (0.76%) and CD45-FITC (1%). I Morphology of sEVs observed using scanning electron microscopy. J Particle size distribution of sEVs measured using ZetaView analysis. K sEVs surface markers CD81, TSG101 and HSP90 detected by western blotting. The samples derive from the same experiment and that blots were processed in parallel. Full-length gel images are provided in the supplementary file. L Cellular internalization of sEVs by PDLSCs. The nucleus of PDLSCs was stained with DAPI (blue), and sEVs were labelled with PKH26 (red). Scale bar = 100 µm. Scale bar of high mag = 20 μm