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Fig. 5 | Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Fig. 5

From: Exendin-4 and eldecalcitol synergistically promote osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells through M2 macrophages polarization via PI3K/AKT pathway

Fig. 5

Ex-4 synergizes with ED-71 to have a potential regulatory effect on macrophages via PI3K/AKT pathway. A Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of p-PI3K, p-AKT, β-catenin in macrophages of each group, then quantitative analysis was carried on. B Macrophages in each group were treated with LY294002(PI3K inhibitor) and ARQ092 (AKT inhibitor), the protein expression levels of p-PI3K, p-AKT and β-catenin were detected by western blotting. Then the quantitative analysis was performed. C The relative mRNA levels of TGF-β1 in macrophages of each group were detected by qPCR. D The relative mRNA levels of TGF-β1 in each group after the addition of LY294002 or ARQ092. E The secretion of TGF-β1 in macrophages of each group was detected by ELISA. F The secretion of TGF-β1 in each group after the addition of LY294002 or ARQ092. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. CON control, Ex-4 exendin-4, ED-71 eldecalcitol, Ex-4 + ED-71 exendin-4 + eldecalcitol, p-PI3K phosphorylation-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; p-AKT phosphorylation-protein kinase B, GAPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, TGF-β1 transforming growth factor-β1

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