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Fig. 1 | Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Fig. 1

From: Emerging role of exosomes in the pathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases; destructive and therapeutic properties

Fig. 1

Exo biogenesis and abscission mechanisms. Early endosomes are generated through the invagination of cell membranes. Then, by the inward budding of the vesicle, late endosomes and MVBs are formed. 2 pathways are involved in the exosome biogenesis: ESCRT-dependent and ECRT-independent pathways. Tetraspanins are thought to have a fundamental role in the ECRT-independent pathway. At the end of the exosome biogenesis process, formed MVBs either degraded into lysosomes or fuse with the plasma membrane. As a result of this fusion process, they are released by exocytosis through SNARE proteins and RAB GTPases. Released vesicles are called exosomes. MVB: multi-vesicular body, ESCRT: endosomal sorting complex transport, Rab: Ras-associated binding proteins, TSG: tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-stimulated gene, MHC: major histocompatibility complex

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Stem Cell Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1757-6512