Table 1 Direct administration of native mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in liver failure preclinical models, especially acute liver failure (ALF)
Sources | Model | Result (ref) |
|---|---|---|
Placenta | Rat | Migration to damaged site and induction of immunomodulatory effects by secreting paracrine factors in ALF [193] |
Bone marrow | Rat | Systemic administration of MSCs reduced ALT, AST, and bilirubin levels [124] |
Bone marrow | Rat | Reducing ALF, improving glucose metabolism and survival, and also stimulation of the hepatocyte proliferation by activating AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway [122] |
Adipose tissue | Rat | Normalization of amino acids, sphingolipids, and glycerophospholipids in the liver and blood along with attenuation hepatocyte apoptosis and conversely promoting their proliferation rate [194] |
Placenta | Rat | Stimulation of liver repair through the antifibrotic and autophagic mechanisms [149] |
Umbilical cord | Monkey | Inhibition of the activity of IL-6 producing monocyte, amelioration of the liver histology, and also animal survival [119] |
Adipose tissue | Rat | Suppression of the secondary complications of liver failure [195] |
Bone marrow | Porcine | Improving the liver function homeostasis, attenuation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following efficient homing, and also differentiation into hepatocytes [196] |
Bone marrow | Rat | Amelioration of mitochondrial activities and normalization of lipid metabolism upon modifying the mTOR pathway [197] |
Umbilical cord | Rat | Provoking the endogenous liver regeneration, hindrance of hepatocyte apoptosis by up-regulated c-Met in hepatocyte [120] |
Bone marrow | Rat | Potentiating of MSCs-elicited liver regeneration following the abrogation of autophagy in MSCs [198] |
Bone marrow | Rat | Amelioration of ALF by up-regulation of the heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression, which resulted in inspiring the autophagy process through PI3K/AKT signaling axis [116] |
Bone marrow | Mice | Enhancing MSCs competencies to stimulate liver recovery following transdifferentiation as well as fusion with hepatocytes by SDF-1/CXCR4 axis [199] |
Bone marrow | Mice | Reducing ALF by IL-10 produced by MSCs, which ultimately inhibits pyroptosis [110] |
Bone marrow | Mice | MSCs derived from adipose tissue showed superiority over MSCs isolated from bone marrow in ALF [125] |
Bone marrow | Mice | Improvement of hepatocyte mediated by PGE2 released by MSCs, ameliorating ALF [113] |
Wharton’s jelly | Mice | Restoration of hepatotoxicity by WJ-MSC [200] |
Bone marrow | Swine | Averting ALF upon stimulation of hepatocyte proliferation and suppressing their apoptosis by intraportal MSCs transplantation [123] |
Bone marrow | Rat | Attenuated aggregation and function of neutrophils [118] |
Adipose tissue | Mice | Protection against ALF by affecting the Nrf2 and cytochrome P450 expression [201] |
Umbilical cord | Mice | Inducing the endogenous liver regeneration but not notable hepatogenic differentiation [202] |
Umbilical cord | Mice | Attenuation of ALF by down-regulation of MyD88/NF-κB pathway involved in inflammation [203] |
Bone marrow | Mice | Attenuation of ALF by modifying ratio between Th17 and regulatory NKT cells [204] |