Fig. 1

Crosstalk between the biogenesis of exosomes and the autophagic process. Representation of the emerging cooperation between exosomes biogenesis and autophagy helped by the amphisomes. Autophagosomes fuse with MVBs to form amphisomes which have two possible fates following the cell conditions. On the one hand, MVBs enrich in intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) can either fuse with autophagosome to form amphisomes inducing the autophagic degradation, or directly fuse with the plasma membrane to release EVs as exosomes out of the extracellular area, which contain abundant biological signaling materials like noncoding RNAs, DNAs and proteins. On the other hand, autophagy can also regulate the exosomes biogenesis through the intersection of amphisomes