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Table 1 Summary of the intracellular signaling pathways in terms of MSCs regulating other cells

From: Mesenchymal stem cell homing to improve therapeutic efficacy in liver disease

Liver disease

MSCs source

Mechanism

Outcome

References

Liver sterile inflammatory injury

BM-MSCs

Promote Hippo signaling pathway

Shift macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype, diminish inflammatory mediators, and reduce hepatocellular damage

Li et al. [13]

Not mentioned

BM-MSCs

Inhibit CD25 expression and LKB1-AMPK-mTOR pathway

Potentiate T cell suppression

Yoo et al. [14]

Graft versus host disease

hP-MSCs

Regulate the crosstalk between Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathway

Inhibit the expression of PD-1 in CD4+ IL-10+ T cells, mitigate liver damage and improve redox metabolism

Zhang et al. [15]

Not mentioned

BM-MSCs

Activate Notch pathway

Increase Treg induction

Rashedi et al. [16]

Liver fibrosis

UC-MSCs

Strongly inhibit TGFβ signaling of HSCs

Inhibit HSC activation, reduce ECM deposition and liver fibrosis

An et al. [17]

Thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis

BM-MSCs

Inhibit TGF-β/Smad pathway in HSCs

Reduce hepatic collagen distribution, lowered the hydroxyproline content, and rescued liver function impairment

Jang et al. [18]

Liver fibrosis

BM-MSCs

Activate Notch1 signaling pathway and inhibit PI3K/Akt pathway

Inhibit the proliferation of HSCs

Chen et al. [19]

Liver fibrosis

BM-MSCs derived exosomes

Inhibit Wnt/β-catenin pathway

Inhibit HSC activation, reduce collagen accumulation, enhance liver functionality, inhibition of inflammation, and increased hepatocyte regeneration

Rong et al. [20]