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Fig. 3 | Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Fig. 3

From: Potential mechanisms and therapeutic targets of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for ischemic stroke

Fig. 3

Potential targets of MSC-mediated regulating the function and fate of brain cells. A MSCs affect autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis of brain cells to enhance cellular survival after ischemic stroke. B MSCs promote proliferation, migration, and differentiation of endogenous neural/oligodendrocyte precursor cells (NPCs/OPCs). C Cell fusion of MSCs with neurons and pericytes. D MSCs regulate function of glial cells. IS, ischemic stroke; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; MMP, matrix metalloprotease; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; TNT, tunnel nanotube; PI3K/Akt, phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B; SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor-1; NRG-1, neuregulin 1; NPCs, Neural precursor cells; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; CX3CL1, C-X-3-C ligand-1; Shh/Gli1, sonic hedgehog/Gli1; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; and miR, micro-RNA

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