Table 1 Endocrine factors secreted by MSCs

Chemokines [23, 24]

CCL2-5, 7, 20, 26,

CXCL1, 2, 5, 8, 10–12 and CX3CR1

Pro-angiogenesis;

Immunoregulation;

Improve the integrity of BBB;

Promote the migration of different cells;

Cytokine [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32]

IL-10

Anti-inflammation;

Mediates microglia and macrophage phagocytosis

IL-13

Anti-inflammation

IL-3

Anti-inflammation;

Pro-angiogenesis;

Pro-neurogenesis;

Promote cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation

IL-1

Pro-inflammation;

Pro-angiogenesis

IL-8

Pro-inflammation;

Pro-angiogenesis

IL-6

Immunoregulation;

Promote cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation

Growth and trophic factors [33,34,35,36]

BDNF

Pro-neurogenesis;

Increase neuroplasticity;

Promote cell survival (by inhibiting apoptosis)

GDNF

Pro-angiogenesis;

Pro-neurogenesis;

Promote cell survival (by inhibiting apoptosis and autophagy);

Improve the integrity of BBB

VEGF

Pro-angiogenesis;

Increase neuroplasticity;

Pro-neurogenesis;

Promote cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation

TGF-β

Immunoregulation;

Pro-neurogenesis;

Involved in extracellular matrix remodeling;

Promote cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation;

bFGF

Pro-angiogenesis;

Pro-neurogenesis;

Promote cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation

IGF-1

Anti-inflammation;

Pro-neurogenesis;

Improve the integrity of BBB;

Promote cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation

HGF

Anti-inflammation;

Anti-apoptotic;

Anti-fibrotic;

Pro-angiogenesis;

Pro-neurogenesis

Ang-1

Pro-angiogenesis;

Immunoregulation;

Promote cell survival;

Improve the integrity of BBB

MSC-Evs [37,38,39]

Express MSCs markers, such as CD29, CD73, CD90, CD44, CD105, and EV markers, such as CD107, CD63, CD9 and CD81. Pro-angiogenesis; Pro-neurogenesis; Promote e cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation; Immunoregulation; Increase neuroplasticity; Anti-fibrotic