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Table 1 Application of LIPUS with or without microbubbles on various MSCs

From: Advances in the application of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound to mesenchymal stem cells

Cell source

Study

LIPUS parameter

Effects on MSCs

Therapeutic application

Intensity

(mW/cm2)

Frequency

(MHz)

Time

(min)

BMSCs

Yang et al.

Unclear

1.02

7.3

Viability

–

 

Xie et al.

50/60

1.5

5/10

Proliferation

–

 

Aliabouzar et al.

100

1.5

3

Chondrogenic differentiation

–

 

Zhi et al.

100/150/200

1

15

Chondrogenic differentiation

–

 

Xia et al.

40

3

20

Chondrogenic differentiation

–

 

Wang et al.

50

3

20

Chondrogenic differentiation

–

 

An et al.

100

1

10

Osteogenic differentiation

–

 

Kusuyama et al.

30

1.5

20

Chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation

–

 

Li et al.

500/1000/1500

1

0.5/1

Hepatic differentiation

–

 

Wei et al.

30

1.5

20

Migration

Fracture healing

 

Chen et al.

30

0.25

20

Migration

Fracture healing

 

Ning et al.

50

1

3

Viability and migration

Spinal cord injury

 

Wang et al.

30

1.5

20

Migration and osteogenesis

Periodontal regeneration

 

Xia et al.

50

3

20

Migration and chondrogenesis

Osteoarthritis

ADSCs

Wang et al.

70

0.5

1

Viability and proliferation

–

 

Huang et al.

30

1.5

5

Proliferation

–

 

Jiang et al.

100

1

8

Osteogenic differentiation

–

 

Yue et al.

100

0.001

10

Osteogenic differentiation

–

 

Fu et al.

30

1

20

Adipogenic differentiation

–

 

Kang et al.

15

1

5

Promote angiogenesis of endothelial cells

Wound and tissue healing

 

Yue et al.

20

1

10

Promote myelination of Schwann cells

Peripheral nerve injury

 

Chen et al.

30 ± 5

1.5

20

Chondrogenesis and osteogenesis

Bone–tendon healing

PDLSCs

El-Bialy et al.

30

1.5

10

Proliferation and osteogenic differentiation

–

 

Hu et al.

90

1.5

20

Osteogenic differentiation

–

 

Kusuyama et al.

Unclear

unclear

20

Osteogenic differentiation

–

 

Wang et al.

90

1.5

30

Migration

–

 

Gao et al.

250

1

5

Proliferation

–

DPSCs

Gao et al.

750

1

5

Proliferation

–

ABMSCs

Lim et al.

50

1

10

Viability and osteogenic differentiation

–

GMSCs

El-Bialy et al.

30

1.5

10

Neuronal differentiation

–

AD-MSCs

Ling et al.

30

0.25

30

Proliferation

–

 

Ling et al.

30

0.25

30

Promote ovarian regeneration

Primary ovarian insufficiency

UCMSCs

Yoon et al.

25–35

0.04

1.67/5/10

Viability and proliferation

–

 

Chen et al.

30/50

1.5

5

Proliferation

–

LIPUS combined with microbubbles

BMSCs

Aliabouzar et al.

30

1.5

1/3/5

Proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation

–

 

Osborn et al.

30

1.5

3

Proliferation and osteogeneic Differentiation

–

 

Li et al.

600

1

0.5

Migration

Myocardial infraction

 

Wang et al.

600

1

0.5

Migration

Acute kidney injury

 

Yi et al.

23

1

5

Migration

Chronic bacterial prostatitis

  1. LIPUS: low-intensity pulsed ultrasound; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; BMSCs: bone marrow MSCs; ADSCs: adipose-derived stem cells; AD-MSCs: amnion-derived MSCs; PDLSCs: periodontal ligament stem cells; DPSCs: dental pulp stem cells; ABMSCs: alveolar bone mesenchymal stem cells; GMSCs: gingival mesenchymal stem cells; UCMSCs: umbilical cord MSCs