Fig. 8

Expression levels of tooth development-related genes in cell/pTDM complexes. (A) Heat map of tooth development-related genes based on RNA-seq analysis of ASCs, DFCs, and SHEDs after induction with pTDM under 3D conditions for 4 days in vitro. Cut off: |log2 (foldchange) |> = 1 & Padj <  = 0.05. (B) GO analysis showed that the tooth development-related genes were enriched in odontogenesis, calcification, and bone development. The red box indicated extracellular matrix-related processes. (C) KEGG analysis showed that the top significantly enriched signaling pathway was the PI3K-Akt signal pathway, marked with a red box. (D) PPI analysis of these tooth development-related proteins. (E) The mRNA expression levels of Gli2, RUNX2, VEGFA, and VEGFB were validated by RT-qPCR. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001