Table 1 Research of EVs in pSS

Patients

Exos

SGECs

Ro/SSA, La/SSB, and Sm RNPs, epithelial-specific cytokeratins

Exos are thought to present antigens directly through their surface receptors or indirectly through antigen-loaded APCs

[39]

Patients

Exos

B cells

EBV-miR-BART13-3p

EBV-miR-BART13-3p can be transferred from B cells to SGECs to affect the function of salivary glands

[40]

Patients

Exos

T cells

miR-142-3p

miR-142-3p contained in T cell-derived Exos can participate in Ca²⁺ signal transduction, cAMP production, and protein production in SGECs, affecting the function of salivary glands

[41]

Patients

Exos

saliva

miRNA

miRNAs contained in salivary exocrine can be used as biomarkers and may play an important role in the diagnosis and prognosis of various salivary gland diseases

[44]

Patients

EVs

Saliva tear

Proteins

EV proteomic analysis is used to screen potential biomarkers in saliva and tears of pSS patients to improve the diagnostic accuracy and may also be used for disease staging and monitoring

[45]

Patients

MPs

Plasma

–

The level of plasma MPs in patients with pSS is increased, which can be used as a biomarker to reflect cell activation

[54]

Patients

MPs

Circulating

–

EMP and EPC can be used as markers of endothelial injury in patients with pSS

[55]

NOD mice

Exos

Serum

miRNA

The sequencing of miRNA in serum Exos identified seven miRNAs that were upregulated in NOD mice, which may become new biomarkers for the diagnosis of pSS

[47]

NOD mice

EVs

iPSCs

–

EVs are expected to prevent the progression of pSS before the onset of sialitis through a mechanism related to the inhibition of Tfh and Th17 cell differentiation and APC activation

[66]

NOD mice

MSCsE

MSCs

MSCsE

MSCsE alleviates dry mouth and keratoconjunctivitis in pSS-like diseases and promotes the expression of key genes involved in salivary and lacrimal gland function, repair, and regeneration

[67]

C57BL/6 mice

Exos

OE-MSC

–

Exos derived from mouse extra-olfactory MSCs can significantly enhance the inhibitory function of MDSCs by upregulating arginase expression and increasing the levels of ROS and NO

[68]

NOD mice/PBMC

Exos

LGMSCs

–

LGMSC-Exos reduced the inflammatory infiltration of salivary glands in NOD mice, restored the secretory function of salivary glands, inhibited the differentiation of Th17 cells in vitro, promoted the induction of Treg cells in PBMC of NOD mice and pSS patients

[69]

TLR4-stimulated splenocytes and pSS mice

EVs

iPSCs

–

TGF-β1 and miR-21 are key factors mediating EV-mediated immune regulation, while miR-125b is a negative regulator

[70]