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Table 1 Overview of an application of MSC-EVs in experimental studies

From: The role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and potential therapeutic impacts of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles

Cell source

Experimental model

Administration rout

Result

References

Bone marrow

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Intravenous

Reduction in the expression levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α

Reduction in circulating macrophages

Promotion of the conversion of macrophages from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory status

Sun et al. [118]

Umbilical cord blood

Myocardial ischemia–reperfusion

Intracardiac

Immune-suppressing effect of miRNA-181a exosomes

Wei et al. [119]

Bone marrow

Traumatic-brain injury

Intravenous

Reduction in neuroinflammation

Zhang et al. [120]

Bone marrow

Post-ischemic neurological impairment

Intravenous

Attenuation of post-ischemic immunosuppression in the peripheral blood

Doeppner et al. [121]

Bone marrow

Focal brain injury

Intra-arterial

Infiltrating leucocytes including T cytotoxic cells

Significant decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines

Dabrowska et al. [121]

Wharton’s Jelly

Renal ischemia–reperfusion injury

Intravenous

Alleviation of inflammation suppression of the expression of chemokines

Decrease in the number of macrophages in the kidney

Zou et al. [123]

Bone marrow

Acute lung injury

Intratracheal

Reduction in inflammation

Zhu et al. [124]

Bone marrow

Acute lung injury

Intratracheal

Reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines

Khatri et al. [124]

Bone marrow

Pulmonary fibrosis

Intravenous, intracardiac

Increase in an immunoregulatory, anti-inflammatory monocyte phenotype

Mansouri et al. [126]

Bone marrow

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Intranasal

Reduction in inflammation

Morrison et al. [127]

Bone marrow

Colitis

Intravenous

Downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Yang et al. [128]

Umbilical cord

Inflammatory bowel disease

Intravenous

Increase in IL-10

Reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines

Decrease in the infiltration of macrophages into the colon tissues

Mao et al. [129]

Intravenous

Sepsis syndrome

Intravenous

Suppression of the inflammatory reactions by healthy exosomes

Chang et al. [131]

Bone marrow

Graft-versus-host disease

Intravenous

Reduction in activation and infiltration of CD4 + T cells

Inhibition of IL-17-T cells

Induction of IL-10 regulatory cells

Reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines

Lai et al. [115]

Umbilical cord

Graft-versus-host disease

Intravenous

Lower absolute numbers of CD3 + CD8 + T cells

Reduction in the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines

A higher ratio of CD3 + CD4 + and CD3 + CD8 + T cells

Higher serum levels of IL-10

Wang et al. [116]

Umbilical cord

Autoimmune uveitis

Periocular

Reducing the infiltration of T cell subsets and other inflammatory cells into the eyes

Bai et al. [134]

Adipose tissue

Autoimmune diabetes

Intraperitoneal

Increase in the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Decrease in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Increase in the T regulatory cell ratio

Nojehdehi et al. [136]

Bone marrow

Myocardial I/R injury

Intra-myocardial

Reduction in the inflammation level

Zhao et al. [135]

Bone marrow

Rheumatoid arthritis

Intravenous

Delaying inflammation

Zheng et al. [133]

Embryonic stem cell

Graft-versus-host disease

Intravenous

Increased Treg production in vitro and in vivo through an APC-mediated pathway

Zhang et al. [113]

Bone marrow

Graft-versus-host disease

Intravenous

Decrease in the ratio of CD62L-CD44 + to CD62L + CD44- T cells

Suppression of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells

Fujii et al. [114]