Cell source | Experimental model | Administration rout | Result | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bone marrow | Dilated cardiomyopathy | Intravenous | Reduction in the expression levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α Reduction in circulating macrophages Promotion of the conversion of macrophages from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory status | Sun et al. [118] |
Umbilical cord blood | Myocardial ischemia–reperfusion | Intracardiac | Immune-suppressing effect of miRNA-181a exosomes | Wei et al. [119] |
Bone marrow | Traumatic-brain injury | Intravenous | Reduction in neuroinflammation | Zhang et al. [120] |
Bone marrow | Post-ischemic neurological impairment | Intravenous | Attenuation of post-ischemic immunosuppression in the peripheral blood | Doeppner et al. [121] |
Bone marrow | Focal brain injury | Intra-arterial | Infiltrating leucocytes including T cytotoxic cells Significant decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines | Dabrowska et al. [121] |
Wharton’s Jelly | Renal ischemia–reperfusion injury | Intravenous | Alleviation of inflammation suppression of the expression of chemokines Decrease in the number of macrophages in the kidney | Zou et al. [123] |
Bone marrow | Acute lung injury | Intratracheal | Reduction in inflammation | Zhu et al. [124] |
Bone marrow | Acute lung injury | Intratracheal | Reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines | Khatri et al. [124] |
Bone marrow | Pulmonary fibrosis | Intravenous, intracardiac | Increase in an immunoregulatory, anti-inflammatory monocyte phenotype | Mansouri et al. [126] |
Bone marrow | Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Intranasal | Reduction in inflammation | Morrison et al. [127] |
Bone marrow | Colitis | Intravenous | Downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines | Yang et al. [128] |
Umbilical cord | Inflammatory bowel disease | Intravenous | Increase in IL-10 Reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines Decrease in the infiltration of macrophages into the colon tissues | Mao et al. [129] |
Intravenous | Sepsis syndrome | Intravenous | Suppression of the inflammatory reactions by healthy exosomes | Chang et al. [131] |
Bone marrow | Graft-versus-host disease | Intravenous | Reduction in activation and infiltration of CD4 + T cells Inhibition of IL-17-T cells Induction of IL-10 regulatory cells Reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines | Lai et al. [115] |
Umbilical cord | Graft-versus-host disease | Intravenous | Lower absolute numbers of CD3 + CD8 + T cells Reduction in the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines A higher ratio of CD3 + CD4 + and CD3 + CD8 + T cells Higher serum levels of IL-10 | Wang et al. [116] |
Umbilical cord | Autoimmune uveitis | Periocular | Reducing the infiltration of T cell subsets and other inflammatory cells into the eyes | Bai et al. [134] |
Adipose tissue | Autoimmune diabetes | Intraperitoneal | Increase in the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines Decrease in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines Increase in the T regulatory cell ratio | Nojehdehi et al. [136] |
Bone marrow | Myocardial I/R injury | Intra-myocardial | Reduction in the inflammation level | Zhao et al. [135] |
Bone marrow | Rheumatoid arthritis | Intravenous | Delaying inflammation | Zheng et al. [133] |
Embryonic stem cell | Graft-versus-host disease | Intravenous | Increased Treg production in vitro and in vivo through an APC-mediated pathway | Zhang et al. [113] |
Bone marrow | Graft-versus-host disease | Intravenous | Decrease in the ratio of CD62L-CD44 + to CD62L + CD44- T cells Suppression of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells | Fujii et al. [114] |