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Fig. 2 | Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Fig. 2

From: A potential fate decision landscape of the TWEAK/Fn14 axis on stem and progenitor cells: a systematic review

Fig. 2

Schematic diagram illustrating effect of the TWEAK/Fn14 axis on multipotent stem/progenitor cells. Binding of trimeric TWEAK to Fn14 receptor leads to the recruitment of cIAPs and various TRAFs resulting in the activation of multiple downstream signaling cascades. TWEAK stimulates the canonical NF-κB pathway which causes the proliferation of liver progenitor cells, differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells, and decreased proliferation and increased differentiation of neural progenitor cells, as well as increased proliferation and decreased differentiation of satellite cells and osteobalsts. TWEAK or TWEAK-activated canonical NF-κB can further activate Notch signaling resulting in decreased proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells but increased proliferation and differentiation of pancreatic duct epithelial cells. TWEAK also activates MAPK signaling cascades resulting in the activation of the AP-1 transcription factor to drive gene expression. The activated genes contribute to increased proliferation and decreased differentiation of satellite cells as well as decreased proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells. A20, a NF-κB-dependent gene; AP-1, activator protein-1; Bmi1, BMI1 polycomb ring finger oncogene; cdc2, cell division cycle protein 2; cIAPs, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins; e-MyHC, embryonic myosin heavy chain; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; Fn14, fibroblast growth factor‐inducible 14; hes1, Hes family BHLH transcription factor 1; IκB, inhibitor of NF-κB; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MyoD, myogenic fifferentiation 1; Pax7, paired box 7; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NGN3, neurogenin 3; NIK, NF‐κB‐inducing kinase; TRAFs, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors; TWEAK, tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis; VEGFA, vascular endothelial growth factor A

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