Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma: mesenchymal stem cells and their extracellular vesicles as potential therapeutic tools

Table 2 Clinical application of various mesenchymal stem cells in COPD patients

Injury	Enrollment number	Design and phase of study	Type of MSCs	Following duration	Infusion method	Dose of injection	Outcome	NCT number	Reference
COPD	9	Matched-control	Autologous BM-MSCs	–	–	–	Feasible	NCT01306513	[56]
COPD	10	Phase I, prospective open-label	Autologous BM-MSCs	3 weeks	Intravenous	1–2 × 10⁶ cells/kg	Feasible and safe	NCT01306513	[57]
COPD	10	Phase I, prospective, nonrandomized, patient‐blinded, placebo‐controlled	Allogeneic BM-MCs	90 days	–	10⁸ cells/kg	Feasible and safe	NCT01872624	[58]
COPD	4	Phase I	Autologous BM-MCs	3 years	Intravenous	10⁸cells/kg	Feasible and safe	NCT01110252	[59]
COPD	9	Phase I pilot study	Allogeneic BM-MSCs	1 year	Intravenous	2 × 10⁶ cells/kg	Feasible and safe	12,614,000,731,695	[60]
COPD	62	Randomized, placebo	Allogeneic BM-MSCs	2 years	–	–	Feasible	NCT00683722	[62]
COPD	62	Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blinded	Allogeneic BM-MSCs	2 years	Intravenous	10⁸ cells/kg	Feasible and safe	NCT00683722	[61]
COPD	40	Matched case–control, phase I/II trial	Allogeneic HUC-MSCs	1 year	Intravenous	10⁶ cells/kg	Feasible and safe	NCT04433104	[78]
COPD	20	Controlled, pilot clinical trial	Allogeneic HUC-MSCs	6 months	Intravenous	10⁶ cells/kg	Feasible and safe	ISRCTN70443938	[79]
COPD	20	Matched-control	AD-MSCs and autologous BM-MCs	–	Intravenous	10⁸ cells/kg	Feasible and safe	NCT02412332	[80]

ISSN: 1757-6512