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Fig. 5 | Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Fig. 5

From: Spotlight on therapeutic efficiency of mesenchymal stem cells in viral infections with a focus on COVID-19

Fig. 5

Different functions [Inhibition (I: red arrows) and Activation (A: blue arrows)] of MSC-EVs in various tissues injury. BM-MSCs Exos reduced macrophage influx, repressed inflammatory intermediaries, including MCP-1, and suppressed STAT3 signaling in the lung injury. Besides, UC-MSC EVs recovered lung functions by bronchopulmonary dysplasia through increasing M1-M2 change in macrophages showed by decreased IL-6, TNF-α, CCL5, and enhanced arginase 1. BM-MSC EVs diminished bowel injury, limited myeloperoxidase action in the colon, reduced IL-1β, TNF-α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) amounts in the bowel. Moreover, upon UC-MSC EVs therapy, macrophage penetration to the tissue was decreased along with downregulation of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, and iNOS in colon tissue and spleen. BM-MSC EVs are protected in a murine renal I/R injury model and the preservative efficacy was associated with the C–C chemokine receptor type 2 transported on the exosome surface, which could separate the chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and thus damaged macrophage recruitment and activation. Moreover, UC-MSC EVs decreased the amounts of IL-1β and TNFα while increasing autophagy. Human embryonic stem cell-isolated MSCs decreased oxidative stress, enhanced myocardial livability via the triggering of the PI3K/Akt pathway, and therefore increased cardiac activity. Besides, BM-MSC EVs enhanced angiogenesis and increased blood circulation in myocardial infarction models while preventing T cell proliferation. HUC-MSCs EVs were displayed to decrease hepatic inflammation while reducing TGF-β amounts and collagen deposition in murine liver fibrosis. Moreover, BM-MSC EVs infusion decreases IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-2, TNF-α expression, enhances Treg level, and reduces necrosis in the liver. MSC-EVs in rheumatoid arthritis suppress T cell proliferation and also promotion of Treg cells, Breg cells [110]

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