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Table 2 Advantages and disadvantages of consent models proposed for organoid research explained in the literature

From: Organoids: a systematic review of ethical issues

Type of consent

Summary of the model

Advantages

Disadvantages

Specific consent and re-consent [59, 61, 62, 68]

Donors consent to the use of their tissue for a specific research project and are re-contacted to provide consent for each new potential future study that will be conducted with their tissue

 

Donors are re-contacted for each scientific (re)use of their sample.

Enable to engage the preferences of the donors

Tiered consent [59, 60, 66, 67]

Donors are presented with a list of specific research projects and given the opportunity to provide or withhold consent for specific uses of their tissue

Able to engage the preferences of the donors

Donors are re-contacted for each scientific (re)use of their sample

Broad consent [30, 59, 61, 62, 67, 68]

Donors consent to a broad range of future research purposes, the specific details of which are unknown at the time of consent

Donors are not re-contacted for each scientific (re)use of their sample

Enable to engage the preferences of the donors

Blanket consent [59]

Donors consent to the use of their samples for future research without restrictions

Donors are not re-contacted for each scientific (re)use of their sample

Enable to engage the preferences of the donors

Opt-in [30, 59, 60]

Donors consent explicitly before their samples can be used for scientific research

 

Donors are re-contacted for each scientific (re)use of their sample.

Enable to engage the preferences of the donors

Opt-out [30, 59, 60]

Donor consent is implied, unless the donor explicit refuses to use their biomaterials

Donors are not re-contacted for each scientific (re)use of their sample

Enable to engage the preferences of the donors

Governance consent [30, 59, 62, 68]

Donors consent to governance obligations in the organoid infrastructure to which they contribute. Donors do not exactly know in which studies their tissue will be used, but they do know how researchers will protect their privacy and interests

Able to engage the preferences of the donors.

Donors are not re-contacted for each scientific (re)use of their sample.

Ongoing communicative (governance) process

 

Dynamic consent [59, 60, 62, 67]

Facilitates a two-way communication between donors and researchers through the use of digital interfaces

Able to engage the preferences of the donors.

On-going communicative (governance) process

Donors are re-contacted for each scientific (re)use of their sample