Fig. 1

Morphology and characterization of BMSCs and BMSC-Exos. A Representative light microscopic images of BMSCs (Scale bar: 200 μm). The identification of osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation potential of BMSCs, and the representative microscopic image of Alizarin Red S staining (B) (Scale bar: 50 μm), Oil Red O staining (C) (Scale bar: 100 μm), and Alcian blue staining (D) (Scale bar: 100 μm). n = 3. E Schematic diagram of the isolation of the BMSC-Exos. F Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of BMSC-Exos. Scale bar: 100 nm. G NanoSight tracking analysis (NTA) for the diameters of BMSC-Exo. H Western blot analysis of CD9, CD63, TSG101, and Calnexin. n = 3. I Analysis of cellular exosome uptake by macrophages. n = 3. Scale bar: 25 μm.