Fig. 4

BMSC-Exos mediated macrophage polarization via miR-23a-3p. A, B Representative fluorescence images of CD163 expression and integrated optical density (IOD) in M1 macrophages treated with BMSC-Exos mimic or BMSC-Exos NC for 48 h. n = 3. C–J The mRNA expression of M1 markers (iNOS, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) and M2 markers (CD163, IL-10, TGF-β, and Arg1) in LPS+IFNγ stimulated macrophages after incubation with BMSC-Exos NC or BMSC-Exos mimic for 48 h. n = 6. K–M Protein levels of M1 markers (iNOS) and M2 markers (Arg1) in LPS+IFNγ-stimulated macrophages after incubation with BMSC-Exos NC or BMSC-Exos mimic for 48 h. n = 3. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed with Student’s t test and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.