Fig. 1

Differentiation of hiPSCS into CMs and exploration of the optimal RA intervention time. Data points present as means ± SEM (n = 1). a Schematic of the experimental protocol for the differentiations of cardiomyocybytes from hiPCs with small molecule modulators of Wnt signaling. CHIR (CHIR99021) and IWRI, agonists, and inhibitors of the Wnt pathway, respectively. b Schematic of the experimental protocol for RA = 02.4/0.5/1.0umol at days D3-D5 to include hiPSCs differentiation, c–h Samples of mRNA were collected and measured from differentiating cells between day0–9 using qRT-PCR and normalized to TBP expression. i–t The4 transcriptional level of the central atrial muscle cell marker and pacemaker markers. Data points present as means ± SEM (n = 1). *p < 0.05 compared to control group (CHIR = 0 group). RT-qPCR, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction