Table 2 Examples of expressed β-cell/endocrine transcription factors and functional markers after spontaneous and induced MSC-to-β-cell transdifferentiation or after β-MSC fusion
From: Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells for diabetes therapy: touch, fuse, and fix?
Studies type | MSC to β-cell | Transcription factors/function markers |
|---|---|---|
In vitro | By chemicals/gene transfer | Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, Glut2, Foxa2, Pdx1, Ngn3, Nkx2.2 [3, 44] |
| Â | Cell fusion | Increased |
| Â | Â | Neurod1, Nkx2.2, MafA, Pdx1 |
| Â | Â | Insulin, glucagon negative [78] |
In vivo | Spontaneous differentiation | Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, Pdx1, Glut2, Nkx2.2, and Nkx6.1 [24, 48] |