Fig. 1

Localization and differentiation of ADSCs in grafts. A CM-Dil-stained ADSCs showed red fluorescence in vitro. Scale bar: 200 µm. B Localization of CM-Dil-stained ADSCs in the fragment-cell group and 3D-bioprinted engineering ovary group at 1 week and 4 weeks after transplantation. ADSCs were mainly distributed in interstitium of the ovary and progressively reduced over time, but the 3D-bioprinted engineering ovary group had higher retention ratio of ADSCs. Scale bar: 100 µm and 20 µm. C CM-Dil-stained ADSCs (red) were co-localized with CD31 staining (green) in vascular endothelial cells of 3D-bioprinted engineering ovary group at 4 weeks after transplantation. Scale bar: 50 µm