Fig. 2

Profiles of grafts before and after transplantation. A Schematic representation of construction of 3D-bioprinted engineering ovary. B Photographs of 3D-bioprinted engineering ovary group related to surgical procedure, including preparing 3D scaffolds (a) and POI ovarian cortex fragments (b), wrapping ovarian fragments into 3D scaffolds (c) and subcutaneous transplantation (d). C Macroscopic evaluation of grafts at 2 and 4 weeks after transplantation. The ovarian fragments (with or without ADSCs) could be rejoined and wrapped by a hyaline membrane (a–d) and 3D constructs could maintain their structure (e–h). All grafts were surrounded by visible functional blood vessels (black arrow), but the 3D-bioprinted engineering ovary were more marked. D A large number of preovulatory follicles were observed in the 3D-bioprinted engineering ovary (white arrow)