Fig. 4
From: Stem cells for treatment of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis: clinical progress and therapeutic potential
MSC-mediated immunoregulation in liver fibrosis. MSCs secrete different cytokines that regulate the transition of immune cells in the liver from a pro-inflammatory phenotype to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. The solid line represents the promotion, and the dashed line represents the inhibition. MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; IL-6, interleukin-6, HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; IL-10, interleukin-10, IL-4, interleukin-4; PGE2, prostaglandin E2, TSG-6, TNFα simulated gene/protein 6; G-CSF, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; IDO, indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase; DC1, type 1 dendritic cell; DC2, type 2 dendritic cell; Th1, T-helper 1; Th17, T-helper 17; Treg, regulatory T cell; Gal-9, galectin-9; HLA-G5, human leukocyte antigen-5; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β