Fig. 9

The model of nondiabetic plasma-treated SVFs modulating M1 expression and attenuating insulin resistance in diabetic mice. Diabetes induces M1 but decreases IL-10 cytokine expression in adipose tissue. Increased adipose tissue M1 expression enhances plasma DPP4 activity and induces liver inflammatory mediators, including ICAM, FMO3, IL-1β, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, and DPP4 expression. Subsequently, the increased inflammatory mediator expression and plasma DPP4 activity may promote insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in diabetic mice. Nondiabetic plasma-treated SVFs inhibit M1 expression, increase IL-10 and Foxp3 expression in the adipose tissue, decrease plasma DPP4 activity and CCL2 level, and suppress liver inflammatory mediator expression that, leading to attenuated insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in diabetic mice