Fig. 3
From: Extracellular vesicle therapy for traumatic central nervous system disorders
Mechanisms underlying the reparative effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injury. The main mechanisms are as follows: inflammatory regulation, angiogenesis, maintaining of BBB/BSCB integrity, polarization of microglia toward M2 phenotype, suppression of A1 astrocyte expression, inhibition of apoptosis, regulation of autophagy, and axon regeneration. EVs from a variety of cell types restore function after CNS by modulating the bioactive molecules (e.g., RNA, proteins, and active bodies) mediating various signaling pathways