Fig. 1

Stem cell properties of DT-DPSCs compared with those of PT-DPSCs. a Representative cell morphology at the 3rd passage of culture. b Proliferative activity demonstrated by doubling time. c Representative images of the Odontoblast differentiation by Alizarin red staining d Statistical analysis Alizarin red positive area e Migration activity inresponse to G-CSF f Migration ability in response to G-CSF were statistically analyzed. *p = 0.03, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. g Gene expression of stem cell markers, angiogenic/neurotrophic factors, pulp tissue markers, immunomodulation markers, senescence markers, and proinflammatory cytokines. Oct 3/4 *p = 0.01, CXCR4 *p = 0.04, BDNF *p = 0.04, TRH-DE *p = 0.01, p 16 *p = 0.03 h BDNF expression analyzed by ELISA i VEGF expression analyzed by ELISA **p < 0.01. The data are shown as averages of 3 independent experiments. All the data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 3)