Table 1 Comparison of epithelial cells used in 3D tissue models to study viruses

Human primary small airway

Influenza A

Aqp5⁻, CK-14⁺, SP-C^−, IL-1β⁺⁺, IL-6⁺⁺, IL-8⁺⁺, IL-10⁺, MCP-1⁻

Not measured

[21, 22]

Human primary ATI and ATII

Influenza A

IFN-β⁺, IL-6⁺, RANTES⁺, MCP-1⁺, IP-10⁺

ATI—H5N1 and H1N1: ~ 10⁵ TCID₅₀/mL (48 h peak)

ATII—H5N1 and H1N1: ~ 10⁶ TCID₅₀/mL (72 h peak)

[22]

NHBE

HRV-C

HBoV

TNF-α⁺, IP-10⁺, IL-6⁺, IL-8⁺

Not measured

[24]

Calu-3

RSV

HRV 14, 16

RANTES⁺

Without PBMC: FGF-Basic⁺, IL-15⁺*, IP-10⁺, IL-6⁺, ENA-78⁺, MIP-1β⁻

With PBMC: FGF-Basic⁺, IL-15⁺*, IP-10⁺, IL-6⁺, MIP-1β⁺*, IFN-α⁺*, MCP-2⁺, IL-28A⁺*, ENA-78⁺

10⁶ RSV-A genome copies/mL (Peak on day 15)

HRV 16: 0.04 1/Ct (peak on day 4)

HRV 14: 0.07 1/Ct (peak on day 5)

[25]

16HBE14o⁻

ANDV

IP10⁺, IL-6⁺, IL-8⁺, RANTES⁻

50,000 FFU/mL (peak on day 15)

[26]

HCC38

MV

Not measured

100% GFP + epithelial cells four days p.i

[64]

A549

LPS

IAV

IL-6⁺, IL-8⁺

IL-29⁺⁺

Not measured

 ~ 1 × 10⁷pfu/mL IAV titer at 24 h p.i

[28]

[27]