Table 2 Biological properties of tissue-derived MSCs

Adult

Bone marrow

BM-MSCs

CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146/MCAM, CD271, MSCA-1, CD29, CD44, STRO-1, OCT4, NANOG, SSEA4

Autologous/allogeneic

Osteogenic and chondrogenic

IL-7, IL-12, MMP-1, MMP-3

miR-486, miR-10a, miR-10b, miR-191, miR-222

Inhibition of T cells, IDO

Cost-effective procedure, ability to use autologously, lack (autologous) and low risk (allogenic) of immune rejection

Invasive and painful harvest, risk of infection, limited by the donor’s age, sex and physical condition, slow proliferation rates, low quantities, earlier appearance of senescence

Adult

Adipose tissues: fat, liposuction

Ad-MSCs

DPP4/CD26, PDGFRa, CD29, CD34, CD36, SCA1, CD55, THY1/C90, CD24, BMP7, PI16, WNT2, ANXA3, coagulation factor III or tissue factor (TF/CD142) (268),

Autologous/allogeneic

Higher adipogenic potential

PDGF-BB, MCP1, SDF-1, TGF-β1, VEGF

ANG, HIF-α, MMP9, Bcl2, VCAM

miR-143, miR-10b, miR-486, miR-22, miR-211

IDO, PDL-1, IL-10, inhibition of T cells

Cost-effective procedure, less invasive techniques and painful, lack (autologous) and low risk (allogenic) of immune rejection, easily accessible, more resistant to senescence, high yield, easy to cryopreserve

Limited by the donor’s age, sex and physical condition

Newborn

Extraembryonic tissues: umbilical cord

Wharton’s jelly

Amniotic membrane amniotic fluid

Placenta

WJ-MSCs, Am-MSCs, YS-MSCs, UC-MSCs, UCB-MSCs, AF-MSCs

CD146, CD10, CD49d (integrin a4), CD54 (ICAM1), CD 491 (240), CD200, and PDL2, SSEA4, OCT4,

Allogeneic

Conflictive result:

P-MSC: higher osteogenic (247, 259) and chondrogenic potential

UCB-MSC: higher osteogenic and adipogenic potential

VEGF, HGF, IL-1 RA, IFN-α, IL-6, IL-8, TGF-β2, PDGF-AA, G-CSF3

MiR-21, miR-23a, miR-125b, miR-145

PDL-1, PDL-2, CD10, CD146, CD49d, IDO, IL-1β, LIF, TNF-2, inhibition of T cells

Cost-effective, medical waste, procedure, not limited by the donor’s age and physical condition, high abilities to induce angiogenic phenotypes, lowest expression of HLA antigens, high proliferation rates, no immune reactions

Smaller yields

Adult

MSC sources

iPSC-MSC

CD73, CD90, and CD105, CD29, CD44, CD146

Autologous/allogeneic

Less effectively along the adipogenic, osteogenic, or chondrogenic

IL-1-, TSG6, VCAM1, TGFB1,

Nanog, Oct4, and Msx1, HIF-1α VEGFA), VEGFB, placental growth factor (PGF), bFGF, TGFB1,

No ethical concerns, unlimited cell number, fast proliferation, Longer life span, Lower variation

Potential for teratoma and teratocarcinoma, no clinical data, Lower differentiation potential, impaired immunosuppression, immature differentiation potential