Fig. 2

Plant extracts that affect MSCs osteogenesis by regulating intracellular signalling pathways. Ginkgolide B, Panax notoginseng saponins, berberine, and salvianolic acid B regulate axin, β-catenin, and TCF in the Wnt signalling pathway; Ginkgo biloba, harmine, silibinin, genistein, and Ligusticum chuanxiong regulate BMP, Runx2 and Smad 1/5/8 in the BMP signalling pathway; Resveratrol, icariin, amentoflavone, quercetin, and fucoidan regulate p38, ERK1/2, and JNK in the MAPK signalling pathway