Fig. 3
From: Harnessing electromagnetic fields to assist bone tissue engineering
PEMF improves cell adhesion to Ti implant surface by promoting protein adsorption [42]. PEMF induces a negatively charged surface of Ti implant by making dipoles alignment. Cations mainly Ca2+ and proteins with positive charges adsorb onto negatively charged Ti surface. Cell adhesion-mediated motifs such as RGD embedded in adsorbed proteins mediate material-cell adhesion by binding to integrins located on cell membrane. PEMF pulsed electromagnetic field, Ti titanium, RGD Arg-Gly-Asp. This image was drawn by the authors. Created with BioRender.com