Table1 Combinations of EMFs and common material types for bone regeneration
From: Harnessing electromagnetic fields to assist bone tissue engineering
Materials | Types and parameters | Exposure time | Biological model | Results | Â |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Keratin | PEMF 75 ± 2 Hz,2.0 ± 0.2 mT | 1 h/day, 3 weeks | Osteoblast-like cells (SAOS-2) | PEMF boosted the osteogenic differentiation and bone matrix production of osteoblast-like cells on keratin scaffold | Bloise et al. [127] 2020 |
Chitosan | PEMF 75 Hz,18–30 Gauss | 2 h/day, 3 weeks | Osteoblasts (7F2, VA, CRL-12557, ATCC) | EMF enhanced the proliferation and mineralization of osteoblasts on chitosan substrate | Lin et al. [124] 2010 |
PCL | PEMF 50Â Hz,1.0 mT | 6Â h/day, up to 3Â weeks | Human ADSCs | PEMF augmented osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs on PCL scaffold without biological factors | Arjmand et al. [112] 2018 |
PCL | PEMF 50Â Hz,1.0 mT | 6Â h/day, up to 3Â weeks | Human iPSCs | PEMF augmented osteogenic differentiation of iPSCs on PCL scaffold without biological factors | Ardeshirylajimi et al. [113] 2018 |
PLGA | PEMF 7.5Â Hz,0.13/0.24/0.32 mT | Continuous exposure, up to 18Â days | Osteoblasts derived from calvaria of rats | PEMF stimulation with specific parameters had an effect on regulating the osteoblast proliferation and differentiation | Tsai et al. [118] 2007 |
PLGA | PEMF 50Â Hz,0.5 mT | 8Â h/day, up to 12Â days | Cortical bone of mice femurs | EMF had a positive effect on enhancing early implant osseointegration in trabecular bone and a greater degree of bone mineralization and maturation | Zhong et al. [119] 2012 |
CaP | PEMF 7.5 Hz,4.8/8.7/12.2 μV/cm | 2 h/day, up to 10 days | Mouse osteoclasts | PEMF with different intensities regulated osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in a bone-biomimicking environment by modulating OPG, RANK ligand and M-CSF | Chang et al. [129] 2005 |
CaP | PEMF 15Â Hz,16 Gauss | 8Â h/day, up to 24Â days | Human MSCs | PEMF augmented the biological response of BMP-2 on MSC in a bone-biomimicking environment | Schwartz et al. [130] 2008 |
CaP | PEMF 15Â Hz,16 Gauss | 8Â h/day, up to 12Â days | Human MSCs and human osteoblast-like cells | Under PEMF exposure, osteoblast-like cells cultured on CaP has a higher OPG production than cells cultured on tissue culture polystyrene plastic | Schwartz et al. [131] 2009 |
HAp | PEMF 75Â Hz,1.6 mT | 6Â h/day, 3Â weeks | Rabbits femur | PEMFs accelerated HA osteointegration in trabecular bone | Fini et al. [136] 2002 |
HAp | CC-PEMF 16.0Â Hz,10Â V,7.8 Volt/m | Continuous exposure, 45Â days | Hindlimb suspension rat model | A combination of PEMF and HAp nanoparticles has potential to counteract bone loss | Prakash et al. [137] 2009 |
β-TCP | PEMF 50 Hz,1.0 mT | 2 h/day, up to 12 weeks | Rat ADSCs and skull defects model | A combination of the β-TCP scaffold and PEMF significantly promote repair of critical defect of rat skull | Liang et al. [140] 2019 |
Ti | PEMF 15Â Hz, 9.6 Gauss | Continuous exposure, up to 45Â days | Rat osteoblasts | PEMFs enhanced the osteoblast compatibility on different Ti surfaces (flat, micro, and nano), while the combination of PEMFs and macro-/nano-surface Ti had a better result | Wang et al. [42] 2014 |
Ti | PEMF 75Â Hz,2.0 mT | 10Â min/day, up to 28Â days | Human BMSCs | PEMF promoted osteogenic differentiation and ECM production of human BMSCs cultured on nano-surface Ti | Bloise et al. [154] 2018 |
Ti | PEMF 15Â Hz, 2.0 mT | 2Â h/day, 8Â weeks | Bone defect of alloxan-induced diabetic rabbit | PEMF improved bone architecture and porous Ti osseointegration by regulating bone anabolism | Cai et al. [152] 2018 |
Ti | PEMF 15Â Hz, 2.0 mT | 2Â h/day, 4Â weeks | Glucocorticoid-treated bone defect rabbit model | PEMF improved bone mass, strength and porous implant osseointegration in glucocorticoid-treated rabbits | Cai et al. [153] 2020 |
Graphene | PEMF 50 Hz,0.6 ± 0.05 mT | Continuous exposure | Human alveolar bone marrow stem cells | The combination of RGO and PEMFs enhanced proliferation, differentiation, and ECM production of human MSC | Lim et al. [59] 2016 |