Table 1 A summary of the diverse types of scaffold materials

Natural biomaterials

Collagen and chitosan

Good biocompatibility and low immunogenicity

Easily degraded and poor mechanical properties

[31, 32]

Bioceramic materials

HA, β-TCP and bioactive glass

High mechanical stability with outstanding osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties

High fragility, slow degradation rate and inferior workability

[33]

Synthetic polyester-based polymers

Polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, PLGA, and PCL

Highly tunable physicochemical properties, controlled biodegradation rates, and a simple and straightforward manufacturing process

Hyproducts of polyesters can be toxic but are considered safe for this application

[31]