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Table 1 Therapeutic effects of MSC in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases

From: Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived secretome-based therapy for neurodegenerative diseases: overview of clinical trials

Disease

Tissue source of MSC

Therapeutic effects

Refs.

Year

AD

Rat AD

Reduced oxidative stress; alleviated cognitive impairment; promoted neurogenesis; increased the neuroblasts numbers

[152]

2014

Human UCB

Improved endogenous hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic activity

[153]

2015

Human WJ

Improved the spatial learning; mitigated memory decline; reduced Aβ soluble levels and its deposition

[154]

2016

Human WJ and UCB

Induced neuronal development and neurite outgrowth

[155]

2016

Human WJ

Reduces the accumulation of ubiquitin-conjugated proteins

[156

2017

Human AM

Reduced amyloid-β peptide deposition; rescued spatial learning and memory

[157]

2017

Mouse BM

Reduced Aβ plaque size

[158]

2017

Human UCB

Mitigated Aβ-induced synaptic dysfunction

[159]

2018

Human MenSCs

Improved spatial learning and memory; mitigated amyloid plaques; increased Aβ degrading enzymes; modulated panel of proinflammatory cytokines

[160]

2018

Mouse BM

Improved cognitive impairment

[161]

2020

Mouse BM

Reduction β-amyloid deposits

[162]

2020

Human UCB

Improved the spatial learning; improved memory impairment

[163]

2020

Rat BM

Improved cognitive impairment

[164 ]

2020

Mouse BM

Memory recovery; reduced neuro-inflammation; decreased brain amyloidosis; increased neuronal density in cortex and hippocampus; diminished hippocampal shrinkage

[165]

2021

Human WJ

Reduced cell death; reduced ubiquitin conjugate levels; reduced Aβ levels

[166]

2021

MS

Mouse BM

Improved clinical score

[167]

2015

Mouse BM

Decreased T helper-17 activation and function

[168]

2015

Mouse BM

Increased remyelination; decreased demyelination and apoptosis

[169]

2015

Mouse AD

Reduced disease severity, inflammatory cell infiltration, and demyelination

[170]

2017

Rat BM

Increased clinical score; declined inflammation

[171]

2017

Mouse BM

Decreased vascular alteration of vessels, myelin, and neuronal damage

[172]

2017

Human BM

Diminished demyelination in corpus callosum

[173]

2018

Mouse BM

Improved therapeutic function

[174]

2018

Rat BM

Differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells

[175]

2019

Mouse BM

Improved remyelination; declined microgliosis and astrocytosis

[177]

2019

Mouse BM

Increased M2 phenotype macrophage; decreased M1 phenotype macrophage

[177]

2019

Mouse BM

Reduced inflammatory infiltration and demyelination of spinal cord

[178]

2020

Mouse BM

Increased neurobehavioral outcomes; reduced blood–brain barrier disruption, inflammatory infiltration, and demyelination in spinal cord

[179]

2020

Human BM

Increased retinal ganglion cell function and motor sensory impairment

[180]

2020

PD

Rat BM

Neuro-protective effects on dopaminergic neurons

[181]

2008

Rat BM

Partial rescue of dopaminergic pathway

[182]

2008

Mouse BM

Neuro-protective effects on dopaminergic neurons; reduced blood–brain barrier damage; downregulation of neuro-inflammation

[183]

2009

Rat BM

Improved viability of striatal/nigral dopaminergic terminals concomitant

[184]

2010

Human endometrial

Improved dopamine production

[185]

2011

Human BM

No effect on motor impairment

[186]

2015

Human endometrial

Enhanced dopamine metabolite concentrations

[187]

2015

Rat BM

Restored rotational behavior

[188]

2015

Rat BM

Improved locomotor functions

[189]

2017

Rat BM

Differentiation into nestin- and neuron-specific enolase-positive cells

[190]

2017

Human BM

Reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines; restored behavioral function

[191]

2020

Human BM

Down-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines; stimulated antioxidant enzymes

[193]

2020

Human AT

Induced alteration in dopamine transporter expression; promoted neurotrophic factors

[192]

2020

Human WJ

Restored dopaminergic neurons; enhanced levels of neurotrophic factors

[194]

2020

  1. AD Alzheimer’s disease, MS Multiple sclerosis, PD Parkinson’s disease, BM-MSCs Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, WJ-MSCs Wharton’s Jelly mesenchymal stem cells, UCB-MSCs Umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells, MenSCs Menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells, AD-MSCs Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells, AM-MSCs Amniotic mesenchymal stem cells