Disease | Tissue source of MSC | Therapeutic effects | Refs. | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|
AD | Rat AD | Reduced oxidative stress; alleviated cognitive impairment; promoted neurogenesis; increased the neuroblasts numbers | [152] | 2014 |
Human UCB | Improved endogenous hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic activity | [153] | 2015 | |
Human WJ | Improved the spatial learning; mitigated memory decline; reduced Aβ soluble levels and its deposition | [154] | 2016 | |
Human WJ and UCB | Induced neuronal development and neurite outgrowth | [155] | 2016 | |
Human WJ | Reduces the accumulation of ubiquitin-conjugated proteins | [156 | 2017 | |
Human AM | Reduced amyloid-β peptide deposition; rescued spatial learning and memory | [157] | 2017 | |
Mouse BM | Reduced Aβ plaque size | [158] | 2017 | |
Human UCB | Mitigated Aβ-induced synaptic dysfunction | [159] | 2018 | |
Human MenSCs | Improved spatial learning and memory; mitigated amyloid plaques; increased Aβ degrading enzymes; modulated panel of proinflammatory cytokines | [160] | 2018 | |
Mouse BM | Improved cognitive impairment | [161] | 2020 | |
Mouse BM | Reduction β-amyloid deposits | [162] | 2020 | |
Human UCB | Improved the spatial learning; improved memory impairment | [163] | 2020 | |
Rat BM | Improved cognitive impairment | [164 ] | 2020 | |
Mouse BM | Memory recovery; reduced neuro-inflammation; decreased brain amyloidosis; increased neuronal density in cortex and hippocampus; diminished hippocampal shrinkage | [165] | 2021 | |
Human WJ | Reduced cell death; reduced ubiquitin conjugate levels; reduced Aβ levels | [166] | 2021 | |
MS | Mouse BM | Improved clinical score | [167] | 2015 |
Mouse BM | Decreased T helper-17 activation and function | [168] | 2015 | |
Mouse BM | Increased remyelination; decreased demyelination and apoptosis | [169] | 2015 | |
Mouse AD | Reduced disease severity, inflammatory cell infiltration, and demyelination | [170] | 2017 | |
Rat BM | Increased clinical score; declined inflammation | [171] | 2017 | |
Mouse BM | Decreased vascular alteration of vessels, myelin, and neuronal damage | [172] | 2017 | |
Human BM | Diminished demyelination in corpus callosum | [173] | 2018 | |
Mouse BM | Improved therapeutic function | [174] | 2018 | |
Rat BM | Differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells | [175] | 2019 | |
Mouse BM | Improved remyelination; declined microgliosis and astrocytosis | [177] | 2019 | |
Mouse BM | Increased M2 phenotype macrophage; decreased M1 phenotype macrophage | [177] | 2019 | |
Mouse BM | Reduced inflammatory infiltration and demyelination of spinal cord | [178] | 2020 | |
Mouse BM | Increased neurobehavioral outcomes; reduced blood–brain barrier disruption, inflammatory infiltration, and demyelination in spinal cord | [179] | 2020 | |
Human BM | Increased retinal ganglion cell function and motor sensory impairment | [180] | 2020 | |
PD | Rat BM | Neuro-protective effects on dopaminergic neurons | [181] | 2008 |
Rat BM | Partial rescue of dopaminergic pathway | [182] | 2008 | |
Mouse BM | Neuro-protective effects on dopaminergic neurons; reduced blood–brain barrier damage; downregulation of neuro-inflammation | [183] | 2009 | |
Rat BM | Improved viability of striatal/nigral dopaminergic terminals concomitant | [184] | 2010 | |
Human endometrial | Improved dopamine production | [185] | 2011 | |
Human BM | No effect on motor impairment | [186] | 2015 | |
Human endometrial | Enhanced dopamine metabolite concentrations | [187] | 2015 | |
Rat BM | Restored rotational behavior | [188] | 2015 | |
Rat BM | Improved locomotor functions | [189] | 2017 | |
Rat BM | Differentiation into nestin- and neuron-specific enolase-positive cells | [190] | 2017 | |
Human BM | Reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines; restored behavioral function | [191] | 2020 | |
Human BM | Down-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines; stimulated antioxidant enzymes | [193] | 2020 | |
Human AT | Induced alteration in dopamine transporter expression; promoted neurotrophic factors | [192] | 2020 | |
Human WJ | Restored dopaminergic neurons; enhanced levels of neurotrophic factors | [194] | 2020 |