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Table 2 Modeling methods and application of preclinical models of jaw-bone defects

From: Oral cavity-derived stem cells and preclinical models of jaw-bone defects for bone tissue engineering

Type of model

Position

Age of animals

Modeling methods

Duration of observation

Application

References

Rat

      

Maxillary tooth extraction model

First molar

4 weeks

A dental probe was used to delicately separate the gingivae surrounding the right maxillary first molar. After the extraction of maxillary right first molar, inter-radicular septa were removed using a round bur while irrigating with saline

4 weeks

Healing of an alveolar bone defect after tooth extraction

[153]

Maxillary drilling model

Mesial position of the buccal side of the first molar

In close proximity to the gingival sulcus of first molar buccal, a relieving incision about 1 cm was made. After elevating the mucosal flap, a 3 × 1 × 1 mm defect was made by drilling the alveolar bone with a round bur while irrigating with saline. After the operation, the flap was restored and the wound was sutured with 5–0 surgical sutures

0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks

Bone defect healing

[155]

Mesial–lingual side of the first molar

6 weeks

On the mesial–lingual side of the maxillary first molar, a defect was created by using a round bur of 3 mm diameter. Drilling the alveolar bone intermittently to prevent bone necrosis

8 weeks

Bone defect healing

[156]

Drilling model of the maxilla after tooth extraction

First molar

10–12 months

First, bilateral first molars were removed. Then, the extraction sockets were enlarged by a dental bur with a 2 mm diameter while irrigating with saline. The sockets were extended to a critical size of 2 mm in depth and 2 mm in diameter

0, 4 weeks

Alveolar-fossa healing

[158]

Right first molar

10–12 months

First, the maxillary right first molar extracted. Then, from the maxillary right second molar’s cement–enamel junction, the extraction sockets were enlarged to defects with a 2 mm depth by using a dental bur with a 1.4 mm diameter while irrigating with saline. Finally, cyanoacrylate adhesive was used to seal the wound

0, 7, 14, and 28 days

Healing of an alveolar bone defect after tooth extraction

[159]

Mandibular drilling model

Mandibular body

6–8 weeks

An anteroposterior skin incision was done in the left orofacial location to reveal the underlying mandible. A mandible body defect of 5 × 2 × 1 mm was created by using a dental drill with a 1 mm diameter while irrigating with saline. After the operation, the wounds were sutured with 5–0 surgical sutures

8 weeks

Repair of mandibular defects

[98]

Mouse

      

Maxillary tooth extraction model

First molar

10 weeks

Without fracturing the tooth or alveolar bone, the first maxillary molars of the right were extracted

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks

Healing of an alveolar bone defect after tooth extraction

[154]

Maxillary drilling model

First molar

6–7 weeks

Under sterile circumstances, a little incision was created in the premaxillary bone's mucosa and the soft tissues were raised. In the midline of each premaxilla, just posterior to the upper incisor, a defect with a 1.2 mm diameter was created by using a surgical trephine powered by a low-speed dental engine

30 days

Treatment of maxillary alveolar cleft

[157]

Drilling model of the maxilla after tooth extraction

First molar

6–7 weeks

First, the upper first molar was removed using dental forceps. Then, the extraction socket was widened and a four-wall bone defect was created by using a dental handpiece and tiny spherical bur

2, 4, and 6 weeks

Alveolar-fossa healing and the effect of graft material on orthodontic tooth movement

[14, 160]