Table 2 Biomaterials scaffold for bone regeneration application
From: Engineering exosomes and biomaterial-assisted exosomes as therapeutic carriers for bone regeneration
Biomaterials scaffold | Source | Model and time | Dose and route | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Silver NPs | MSCs | NA | NA | Osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs ↑ | [97] |
3D printed titanium alloy | hMSCs | Rat radial bone defects model, 4 and 12 weeks | NA, implantation with scaffolds | Osteogenic miRNAs ↑; osteogenic differentiation pathways (PI3K/Akt and MAPK) ↑; anti-osteogenic miRNAs ↓ | [98] |
MBG | BMSCs | Rat critical-sized calvarial defects model, 12 weeks | 2 × 1011/mL, implantation with scaffolds | Osteogenic-related marker expression ↑ | [101] |
β-TCP | MSCs | Rat critical-sized calvarial defects model, 8 weeks | 5 × 1011/mL (100 μL) and 1 × 1012/mL (100 μL), implantation with scaffolds | Osteogenic differentiation pathway (PI3K/AKT) ↑ | [103] |
β-TCP | hiPSCs | Rat osteoporotic defects model, 8 weeks | 100 µg and 200 μg, implantation with scaffolds | Osteogenesis and angiogenesis ↑ | [104] |
β-TCP | BMSCs | Rat cranial defects model, 12 weeks | 200 μg, implantation with scaffolds | Transcription factor in bone formation (RUNX2) ↑ | [105] |
β-TCP | SHEDs | Rat periodontal bone defects model, 4 weeks | 2 μg/μL, implantation with scaffolds | Osteoblastic induction ↑ | [106] |
β-TCP | hPDLSCs | Rat periodontal bone defects model, 8 weeks | 150 µg/µL, implantation with scaffolds | Osteogenic differentiation pathway (Wnt) ↑ | [107] |
NC bone filler | MSCs | Rat tibia defects model, 8 weeks | 10 μg, implantation with scaffolds | Tissue mineralization ↑ | [108] |
HA-Gel/nHP | uMSCs | Rat critical-sized cranial defects model, 4 and 8 weeks | 200 μL, implantation with scaffolds | Osteogenic factors ↑ | [112] |
HA-ALG/HAP | hucMSCs | Rat critical-sized calvarial bone defects model, 8 weeks | 1 μg/μL (250 μL), implantation with scaffolds | Osteogenic and osteoinductive abilities ↑ | [113] |
CS/β-glycerophosphate | BMSCs | Rat calvarial bone defects model, 12 weeks | 1 × 108/mL, implantation with scaffolds | Osteogenesis and angiogenesis ↑ | [114] |
Gelatin | hASCs | Rat skull defects model, 4 and 8 weeks | 0.8 mg, implantation with scaffolds | Transformation of M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages ↑; inflammatory response ↓; bone healing↑ | [115] |
CS | DPSCs | Mice periodontitis model, NA | 50 μg, periodontal injection | miR-1246 expression ↑; modulating macrophages from pro-inflammatory phenotype to an anti-inflammatory phenotype | [117] |
SIS/CA/peptides | BMSCs | Rat skull defects model, 12 weeks | 1 μg/μL (300 μL), implantation with scaffolds | Osteogenesis-related genes (RUNX2) ↑ | [118] |
PEG/DNA | SCAPs | Rat mandibular alveolar bone defects model, 2 and 6 weeks | NA, local injection | Osteogenesis-related miRNAs ↑ | [119] |
CHA/SF/GCS/DF-PEG | hucMSCs | Rat femoral condyle defects model, NA | 50 μg, implantation with scaffolds | BMP-2 expression ↑ | [120] |
Mg/GA/MOF | hBMSCs | Rat calvarial defect model, 10 weeks | 40 μg/mL, implantation with scaffolds | Osseointegration ↑; anti-inflammatory abilities ↑ | [121] |
PEGMC/β-TCP | rBMSCs | Rat posterolateral spinal fusion model, NA | 100 μg/mL, implantation with scaffolds | Osteogenesis and vascularization ↑ | [122] |
PLGA/pDA | hASCs | Mice skull defects model, 6 weeks | 25 µg/mL, implantation with scaffolds | Osteoblastogenesis-related genes (RUNX2, ALP and COL1A1) ↑; osteocalcin ↑ | [123] |
PLGA/PEG | hDPSCs | Mice calvarial bone defects model, 8 weeks | NA, implantation with scaffolds | Bone tissue neogenesis ↑ | [124] |
PLA | MSCs | NA | NA | Osteogenic differentiation in hBMSCs ↑; inflammation ↓ | [125] |
Sulfonated PEEK | BMSCs | Rat femoral defects model, 8 weeks | 127.39 μg/cm2, implantation with scaffolds | Macrophage M2 polarization ↑; osseointegration ↑ | [126] |