Electromagnetic fields regulate calcium-mediated cell fate of stem cells: osteogenesis, chondrogenesis and apoptosis

Table 1 EMF therapeutic cases

EMF type	Parameter (frequency/intensity)	Cell type	Effect	References
EMF	15 Hz/1 mT	BMSCs	EMF combined with VEGF promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis	[16]
EMF	15 Hz/0.3 mT	BMSCs	EMF combined with PCL/nHA scaffold accelerate intervertebral fusion	[17]
EMF	45 Hz/1 m T, 8 h/day	Saos-2 osteoblast cell line	EMF combined with Fe₃o₄ nanoparticles promote repair of rat calvarial defect	[18]
EMF	31.4 µT, 1 h/day	ADSCs	EMF combined with PCL/CMC scaffold promote osteogenesis	[19]
PEMF	1 mT, 10 min	MSCs	EMF promote chondrogenic differentiation	[20]
AM RF EMF	27.12 MHz, 1 h/day	Breast cancer cells (tumor stem cells)	EMF inhibit breast cancer brain metastasis	[21]
AM RF EMF	27.12 MHz	Hepatocellular carcinoma (tumor stem cells)	EMF inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and metabolism	[22]
EMF	1 Hz/100 mT	MC4-L2 breast cancer cells	EMF lead to calcium ion overload and ROS increased, resulting in necroptosis	[23]
EMF	50 Hz/4.5 mT	786-O cells	ELF-EMF induce G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis in cells lines	[24]

A. EMF: Electromagnetic fields. PEMF: Pulsed electromagnetic fields. AM RF EMF: Athermal radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. ELF-EMF: Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. B. Parameter: The unit of frequency is Hertz. The unit of intensity is Tesla. C. BMSCs: Bone mesenchymal stem cells. Saos-2 osteoblast cell line: Osteosarcoma osteoblast cell line. ADSCs: Adipose Derived Stem Cells. MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells. 786-O cells: Human renal clear cell Carcinoma. D. PCL: Polycaprolactone. CMC: Carboxymethyl cellulose. HA: Hydroxyapatite

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