Electromagnetic fields regulate calcium-mediated cell fate of stem cells: osteogenesis, chondrogenesis and apoptosis

Table 2 EMF-induced calcium oscillations

Channel/transporter		Cell type	Changes	EMF type	Parameter (frequency/intensity)	References
TRPC1	TRPC1	MSC	Increased	PEMF	10 min, 0–3 mT	[20]
TRPC1	TRPC1	Myoblasts	Increased	PEMF	10 min, 1.5 mT	[52]
Purinergic receptor	P2X7	Mesenchymal stem cells	Increased	EMF	7.5 Hz, 15 Hz, 50 Hz,75 Hz/1 mT	[53]
T-type VGCC	Ca_v3·2 CACNA1H	Hepatocellular carcinoma cells (tumor stem cells)	Increased	AM RF EMF	27·12 MHz	[22]
T-type VGCC	CACNA1H	Breast cancer cells (tumor stem cells)	Increased	AM RF EMF	27.12 MHz	[21]
VGCC		Hippocampus	Decreased	RF-EMF	835 MHz	[32]
L-type VGCC		neurons	Increased	PEMF	50 Hz/1 mT	[54]
T-type VGCC		B16F10 Cancer Cells	Increased	ELF-EMF	7.83 Hz	[55]
L-type VGCC		B16F10 Cancer Cells	Increased	ELF-EMF	7.83 Hz	[55]
T-type VGCC		B16-BL6, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and HeLa cells	Increased	EMF	25–6 Hz	[44]
T-type VGCC	Cav3.1, Cav3.2 Cav3.3	HEK293 cells	Decreased	ELF-EMF	50 Hz/0.2 mT	[56]
Ca2⁺-ATPase	SERCA2a	Cardiomyocytes	Increased	ELF-EMF	15 Hz, 50 Hz, 75 Hz and 100 Hz/2 mT	[39]

A. MSC: Mesenchymal stem cells. B16F10, B16-BL6: Mouse melanoma cell line. MDA-MB-231: Breast carcinoma cell line. MCF-7: Human breast adenocarcinoma cell line. HeLa cells: Human cervical cancer. HEK293: Humanembryonic kidney 293. B. EMF: Electromagnetic fields. PEMF: Pulsed electromagnetic fields. AM RF EMF: Athermal radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. RF-EMF: Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. ELF-EMF: Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. C. Parameter: The unit of frequency is Hertz. The unit of intensity is Tesla

ISSN: 1757-6512