Table 4 The transplantation of stem cells from adult tissues in the POF animal model

BMSCs

Rats (5 weeks)

CTX

(1st, 50 mg/kg, 8 mg/kg for 14 days)

BMSCs

(1 × 10⁶ cells) in 100μL PBS for 2w

iv

Increase E2 and AMH, decrease FSH level;

Recover the estrous cycle;

Increase the number of basal and sinus follicles

BMSC-derived exosome Mir-144-5p has a protective effect on the apoptosis of CTX-damaged OGCs

[23]

Rats

(3 weeks)

3.2 Gy radiotherapy (0.48 Gy/min)

BMSCs

(2 × 10⁶ cells) in 150μL PBS

iv

Enhances ovarian follicles;

Increases serum estradiol- and follicle-stimulating hormone levels;

Restores fertility

Upregulates Wnt/β-catenin and Hippo signaling pathways

[59]

Exosome from BMSCs

Mice

(6–7 weeks)

CIS (5 mg/kg)

BMSCs-Exos

(125 μg dissolved in 100 μL PBS

iv

Inhibit OGCs apoptosis;

Increase E2;

delivering miR-644-5p to granulosa cells to regulate p53 expression of cells

[60]

Rats (5 weeks)

CTX

(1st, 50 mg/kg, 8 mg/kg for 14 days )

BMSCs-Exos (150 μg dissolved in 100 μL PBS; every other day for 2 weeks)

iv

Decrease FSH and LH, increase AMH, E2;

Inhibit OGCs apoptosis;

Exosomes miR-144-5p inactivated the PI3K/AKT pathway by suppressing PTEN targeting

[23]

ADMSCs

Rats

CTX

(120 mg/kg)

ADMSCs

(1 × 10⁶ cells, passages 3–4)

Ip

Increase the number of primordial follicles and decrease the number of atretic follicles;

Increase AMH level;

Inhibit the apoptosis of follicle

Regulate the expression of Connexin43 and pAnnexin1

[61]

Exosome from ADMSCs

Mice (7–8 weeks)

CTX

(120 mg/kg for 2 weeks)

hADSC-Exos

(1 × 10⁶ cells, cocultured with hGCs)

Ip

Attenuate ovary damage;

Increase the number of follicles;

Enhanced the E2 and AMH levels and decreased the FSH levels;

Inhibit OGCs apoptosis

Increase expression of SMAD2, SMAD3, and SMAD5 in vivo and in vitro

[62]

HuMenSCs

Mice (7–8 weeks)

CIS

(2 mg/kg for 7 days )

HuMenSCs (2 × 10⁶/mL) in 200 μL PBS

iv

Increase body and ovary weight;

Increase the number of follicles;

Reduce OGCs apoptosis; repair ovarian injury,

Stimulate regeneration, and improve ovarian function

Protects damaged ovaries by secreting FGF2

[63]

Rats (8 weeks)

BF

(36 mg/kg)

HuMenSCs

(Passages 3)

iv

Improve follicle development;

Promote AMH and E2 secretion

NO Report

[64]

Rats (6–8 weeks)

BF

(36 mg/kg)

HuMenSCs

(1 × 10⁶ cells per 200 μL) in 1 mL PBS

iv

Increased body and ovary weight;

Increase the number of follicles;

Reduce OGCs apoptosis

NO Report

[58]

Mice (18–19 g)

CTX

(120 mg/kg) + BF (30 mg/kg)

hEnSCs

(2 × 10⁶ cells, passages 5) in 20 μL PBS

Orthotopically inject

Increased body weight;

Improved estrous cycles;

Restored fertility

Reduce chemotherapy-induced depletion of the germline stem cell pool

[57]