Fig. 4

SCUBE3 accelerates the formation and odontoblastic differentiation of dentin–pulp-like organoids. A hDPSCs were treated with or without rhSCUBE3 and LDN-193189. The organoids were observed and photographed under a light microscope on days 1, 6, 11, 16, and 21. B Quantification of organoid area. C–F mRNA expression of the odontoblastic/osteoblastic markers DSPP, DMP1, OPN, and OSX in dentin–pulp-like organoids was evaluated using RT-qPCR. G mRNA levels of the undifferentiated cell marker CD90 in dentin–pulp-like organoids were evaluated using RT-qPCR. H, I Photomicrographs of dentin–pulp-like organoids under confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and quantification with integral optical density. n = 3 independent biological samples. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001