Fig. 3From: Cell therapy in end-stage liver disease: replace and remodelOptimization of hepatocyte transplantation. Hepatocyte transplantation through the hepatic artery or the spleen may result in better colonization. And hepatocytes may be rejected by macrophages after reaching the liver. Macrophages phagocytose donor hepatocytes and secrete TGF-β to induce senescence. In this case, macrophages can avoid phagocytosis by encasing the donor hepatocytes in a hydrogel. On the other hand, the proliferative advantage of donor hepatocytes can be enhanced by irradiating the liver or injecting vascular epithelial growth factorsBack to article page