From: Strategies for enrichment and selection of stem cell-derived tissue precursors
Embryonic germ layers | Differentiation factors or culture conditions or both | Example of differentiated cells |
---|---|---|
Endoderm | FGF, BMP4, hepatocyte growth factor, oncostatin M, dexamethasone | |
 | Activin A, Wnt3A, keratinocyte growth factor/FGF7, retinoic acid, cyclopamine, noggin | Pancreatic islet progenitors [11] |
Mesoderm | Serum-free conditions; BMP4 | Dendritic cells [16] |
 | Micromass of dissociated embryoid bodies; BMP2 | Chondrocytes [100] |
 | High-density culture of dissociated embryoid bodies; ascorbic acid, dexamethasone | Chondrocytes [101] |
 | Co-culture with primary chondrocytes; poly-D, L-lactide scaffold | Chondrocytes [102] |
 | Serum-free conditions | Blood cells [15] |
 | Dense monolayer of hESCs; Activin A, BMP4 | Cardiomyocytes [25] |
 | BMP4, BMP4/bFGF/Activin A, VEGF/DKK1, VEGF/DKK1/bFGF | Cardiomyocytes [26] |
Ectoderm | FGF8, SHH | |
 | Ciliary neutrotrophic factor, neuregulin 1β, dbcAMP | Schwann cells [34] |
 | Retinoic acid, SHH | Motor neurons [33] |
 | Withdrawal of FGF2, BDNF; addition of GDNF, NGF, dbcAMP | Peripheral sympathetic and sensory neurons [34] |
 | Serum-free conditions; Activin A, nicotinamide | Retinal pigment epithelium [104] |
 | B27, thyroid hormone, retinoic acid, FGF2, EGF, insulin | Oligodendrocytes [35] |
 | BMP4, ascorbic acid | Basal keratinocytes [105] |