Table 3 Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in animal models of hind limb ischemia
From: Therapeutic potential for mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in critical limb ischemia
Reference | Source of MSCs | Recipient | Intervention | Site of injection | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[64] | Mouse AT-MSCs ± GF-rich medium | Mouse | IM injection of 1 × 106 MSCs 10 days after HLI | Three sites: proximal and distal arterial stumps | ↑ limb perfusion |
[32] | Mouse BM-MSCs | Mouse | IM injection of 0.5 × 106 MSCs 2 days after HLI | Multiple sites at TA and ischemic thigh | ↑ limb perfusion, ↑ capillary density, ↑ muscle regeneration |
[45] | Mouse BM-MSCs ± EGF | Mouse | IM injection of 0.6 × 106 MSCs 0 hour after HLI | Three sites: quadriceps, gluteus, and TA | ↑ limb perfusion, ↑ capillary density |
[21] | Mouse BM-MSCs | Mouse | IM injection of 1 × 106 MSCs 24 hours after HLI | Six sites of adductor muscles adjacent to and within 1 mm proximal or distal to ligation sites | ↓ limb loss, ↑ vascular density, ↓ muscle atrophy and fibrosis |
[65] | Mouse BM-MSCs ± zinc | Mouse | IM injection of 5 × 106 MSCs 0 hour after HLI | Five sites of ischemic thigh | ↑ limb perfusion, ↑ capillary density |
[66] | Mouse BM-MSCs ± simvastatin | Mouse | IM injection of 2 × 106 MSCs 0 hour after HLI | Five sites of ischemic thigh | ↑ limb perfusion, ↑ capillary density |
[67] | Mouse BM-MSCs ± simvastatin | Mouse | IM injection of 5 × 106 MSCs 0 hour after HLI | Five sites of ischemic thigh | ↑ limb perfusion, ↑ capillary density |
[68] | Mouse BM-MSCs ± PGIS | Mouse | IM injection of 1 × 106 MSCs 0 hour after HLI | Six to eight ischemic sites | ↑ limb perfusion, ↑ capillary density, ↓ limb loss and necrosis |
[69] | Mouse endometrium-derived MSCs | Mouse | IM injection of 1 × 106 MSCs on days 0, 2, and 4 | Hind-limb muscle below area of ligation | ↓ limb necrosis |
[70] | Rat BM-MSCs | Rat | IM injection of 5 × 106 MSCs 3 weeks after HLI | Anteromedial muscle compartment left thigh | ↑ limb perfusion, ↑ vascular density, ↑ arteriolar density |
[12] | Rat BM-MSCs | Rat | IM injection of 5 × 106 MSCs 0 hour after HLI | Ischemic thigh muscles | ↓ limb loss and necrosis, ↑ limb perfusion, ↑ capillary density, ↑ endothelial and vascular smooth muscle differentiation |
[11] | Rat FM-MSCs and rat BM MSCs | Rat | IM injection of 5 × 106 MSCs 24 hours after HLI | Ischemic thigh | ↑ limb perfusion, ↑ capillary density |
[71] | Rat BM-MSCs ± angiopoietin-1 | Rat | IM injection of 5 × 106 MSCs 0 hour after HLI | Two sites of ischemic limb | ↑ limb perfusion, ↑ capillary density |
[72] | Rat BM-MSCs ± netrin-1 | Rat | IM injection of 1 × 106 MSCs ? hours after HLI | Ischemic limb | ↓ limb loss and necrosis, ↑ angiographic score, ↑ capillary density |
[73] | Human AT-MSCs | Rat | IM injection of 1 × 107 MSCs 0 hour after HLI | Ischemic limb | ↑ limb perfusion, ↑ capillary density |
[20] | Human AT-MSCs | Mouse | TV injection of 5 × 105 MSCs 24 hours after HLI | Not applicable | ↓ limb necrosis, ↑ limb perfusion |
[74] | Human AT-MSCs | Mouse | IM injection of 5 × 105 MSCs 1 or 7 days after HLI | Three different sites of ischemic leg | ↓ limb loss, ↑ limb perfusion, ↑ capillary density (7 days > 1 day after HLI) |
[75] | Human AT-MSCs ± spheroid culture | Mouse | IM injection of 1 × 107 MSCs 24 hours after HLI | Gracilis muscle | ↑ limb perfusion, ↑ capillary density, ↓ limb loss and necrosis |
[34] | Human AT-MSCs | Mouse | IM injection of 1 × 106 MSCs 0 hour after HLI | Three separate regions from ankle up to thigh regions | ↓ amputation and limb necrosis, ↑ limb perfusion, ↑ myogenic differentiation, ↑ capillary density |
[76] | Human AT-MSCs loaded in fibrin gel ± FGF2 | Mouse | IM injection of 5 × 106 MSCs 24 hours after HLI | Gracilis muscle | ↑ MSC survival in ischemic muscles, ↓ muscle degeneration and fibrosis, ↑ limb perfusion, ↓ limb loss and necrosis |
[77] | Human AT-MSCs ± GCP2 | Mouse | IM injection of 1 × 106 MSCs 24 hours after HLI | Three sites of ischemic leg | ↑ limb perfusion |
[17] | Human AT-MSCs and human BM-MSCs | Mouse | IM injection of 1 × 106 MSCs 24 hours after HLI | Gastrocnemius, gracilis, and quadriceps | ↑ limb perfusion, ↓ muscle injury |
[62] | Human BM-MSCs | Mouse | LV injection of 5 × 105 MSCs 24 hours after HLI | LV | ↑ limb perfusion |
[63] | Human BM-MSCs | Mouse | IM injection of 1 × 106 MSCs 24 hours after HLI | Three different sites of the injured area | ↑ limb perfusion |
[78] | Human ESC-MSCs | Rat | IM injection of 0.5 × 106 MSCs 24 hours after HLI | Five sites at femoral biceps, semitendinous, semimembranous, and adductor muscle | ↑ capillary density |
[79] | Human FAM-MSCs | Mouse | IM injection of 1 × 106 MSCs 24 hours after HLI | Three sites of ischemic leg | ↑ limb perfusion, ↑ capillary density |
[16] | Human iPSC-MSCs and human BM-MSCs | Mouse | IM injection of 3 × 106 MSCs 0 hours after HLI | Four sites of gracilis muscle in medial thigh | ↓ limb loss and necrosis, ↑ limb perfusion, improved ambulatory and tissue damage scores, ↑ myogenesis, smooth muscle, and endothelial differentiation, ↓ fibrosis and inflammation |
[51] | Human placenta-derived MSCs | Mouse | IM injection of 1 × 106 MSCs 5 hours after HLI | Two sites on right thigh | ↑ limb perfusion, functionality, and capillary density, ↓ oxidative stress and inflammation |
[80] | Human placenta-derived MSCs | Mouse | IM injection of 1 × 106 MSCs 1 week after HLI | Five or six sites of the ischemic sites | ↑ limb perfusion |
[81] | Human UCB-MSCs loaded in fibrin gel ± FGF2 | Mouse | IM injection of 2 × 106 MSCs 24 hours after HLI | Gracilis muscle | ↑ MSC survival in ischemic muscles, ↓ muscle degeneration and fibrosis |
[82] | Human UCB-MSCs | Mouse | IM injection of 1.3 × 106 MSCs 0 hour after HLI | Not specified | ↓ limb loss and necrosis, ↑ limb perfusion |
[83] | Human UCB-MSCs | Mouse | IM injection of 1 × 105 MSCs 0 hour after HLI | Eight to ten injections at gastrocnemius, semimembranosus, rectus muscles | No difference in capillary density, ↑ muscle regeneration |