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Table 1 Various growth factors and their effects on proliferation and survival of multipotential stromal cells.

From: Growth factor regulation of proliferation and survival of multipotential stromal cells

 

Growth factor family

Growth factor

Receptor/signaling modulator

Effects on proliferation/survival/morphogenesis

1

TGF-β

TGFβ3

ALK-1, ALK-2, ALK-3, ALK-6 [40]

Increases chondrogenesis [34]

   

ALK-4, ALK-5, ALK-7 [40]

Increases proliferation [32]

  

BMP-2

Erk [42]

Increases osteogenesis [35], increases proliferation [36, 37]

  

BMP-3

ALK-4/SMAD 2, SMAD 3 [38]

Increases proliferation [38]

2

FGF

FGF-2

FGFR/Erk [51]

Bias towards chondrogenesis on prolonged exposure [13], increases proliferation [13, 43]

  

FGF-4

FGFR/Erk (putative)

Increases proliferation [44]

3

VEGF

VEGF-A

VEGF receptor/PDGF receptor [55, 87]/Erk [60]

Increases proliferation [52, 53]

   

VEGF receptor/PDGF receptor/PI3K [60]

Increases survival [72]

4

PDGF

PDGF-BB

PDGF receptor/Erk [60]

Increases proliferation [81]

   

PDGF receptor/Erk [60]

Increases survival [76]

5

EGF

Soluble EGF

EGF receptor/transient Erk [22, 78]

No effect on differentiation [60], increases proliferation [60]

  

Tethered EGF

EGF receptor/sustained Erk [22, 78]

Increases spreading and survival [22]

  

Heparin-binding EGF

EGF receptor/Erk [64]

No effect on differentiation [65], increases proliferation [65]

6

HGF

HGF

c-Met/p38 MAPK [64]

Enhances survival [64]

   

c-Met/PI3K [64]

Inhibits proliferation [64]

7

Wnt

Wnt3a

β-catenin

Promotes proliferation [67]

  1. ALK, activin receptor-like kinase; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; EGF, epidermal growth factor; Erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PI3K, phosphoinositide-3 kinase; TGFβ, transforming growth factor beta; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.