From: Growth factor regulation of proliferation and survival of multipotential stromal cells
 | Growth factor family | Growth factor | Receptor/signaling modulator | Effects on proliferation/survival/morphogenesis |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | TGF-β | TGFβ3 | ALK-1, ALK-2, ALK-3, ALK-6 [40] | Increases chondrogenesis [34] |
 |  |  | ALK-4, ALK-5, ALK-7 [40] | Increases proliferation [32] |
 |  | BMP-2 | Erk [42] | Increases osteogenesis [35], increases proliferation [36, 37] |
 |  | BMP-3 | ALK-4/SMAD 2, SMAD 3 [38] | Increases proliferation [38] |
2 | FGF | FGF-2 | FGFR/Erk [51] | Bias towards chondrogenesis on prolonged exposure [13], increases proliferation [13, 43] |
 |  | FGF-4 | FGFR/Erk (putative) | Increases proliferation [44] |
3 | VEGF | VEGF-A | ||
 |  |  | VEGF receptor/PDGF receptor/PI3K [60] | Increases survival [72] |
4 | PDGF | PDGF-BB | PDGF receptor/Erk [60] | Increases proliferation [81] |
 |  |  | PDGF receptor/Erk [60] | Increases survival [76] |
5 | EGF | Soluble EGF | No effect on differentiation [60], increases proliferation [60] | |
 |  | Tethered EGF | Increases spreading and survival [22] | |
 |  | Heparin-binding EGF | EGF receptor/Erk [64] | No effect on differentiation [65], increases proliferation [65] |
6 | HGF | HGF | c-Met/p38 MAPK [64] | Enhances survival [64] |
 |  |  | c-Met/PI3K [64] | Inhibits proliferation [64] |
7 | Wnt | Wnt3a | β-catenin | Promotes proliferation [67] |